Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Briefing Essay

The purpose of this brief is to educate the newly elected board members on government accounting. Because the new board members are businesspeople from the community, they need to understand why government accounting is not the same as for-profit financial accounting. The brief will compare government accounting to for-profit financial accounting, describe the basic government reporting entity, and evaluate the Management Discussion and Analysis section of the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) for the State of Alabama. The State of Alabama’s fiscal year ended September 30, 2011 will be used in the evaluation of the MD&A section (Office of the State Comptroller, 2011). Governmental Accounting vs. For-Profit Financial Accounting Governmental accounting is not the same as for-profit financial accounting. Therefore, it is necessary that individuals employed in government entities have a good understanding of budgeting and accounting. Governments and for-profits have different purposes, activities that generate revenues, stakeholders, financial objectives, and desire to survive. Separate accounting and financial reporting standards are necessary because users of financial reports of governments and for-profits do not have the same needs (GASB, 2012). Governments are required to be accountable for the use of resources in their operating environment, unlike for-profit businesses. Governmental resources are acquired from the guaranteed payment of taxes paid by individual taxpayers. The taxes paid have no direct relationship to the services the taxpayer received. Therefore, taxpayers assess the value received from the resources they have provided to government. As a result, governmental accounting and financial reporting standards strive to help stakeholders evaluate if public resources are properly expensed and if the capacity of services improved or worsened from the previous year (GASB, 2012). Government Reporting Entity Identifying the accounting entity is one of the most important  accounting issues. The financial reporting entity is the primary government and its component units. The primary government can be either a state, local, or special government. Component units are official separate organizations in which elected officials of the primary government are held financially accountable. A component unit and a primary government are dependent to one another. Their relationship is necessary to ensure that the reporting entity’s financial statements are not misleading or incomplete (Copley & Engstrom, 2011). State and local governments are advised to prepare a Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR). A CAFR should cover all funds and activities of the primary government and its component units. The CAFR consists of three parts: introductory, financial, and statistical. The Introductory Section of the CAFR includes the table of contents, letter of transmittal from the government’s Finance Director, list of government officials, and an organizational chart (Copley & Engstrom, 2011). The financial section includes an independent auditor’s report, management’s discussion and analysis, government-wide financial statements, fund financial statements, financial statements notes, and any other required supplementary financial information. Last, the statistical section includes additional financial, economic, and demographic information (Office of Financial Management, 2012). By combining all three sections into one comprehensive report, the CAFR reveals the state government’s financial and operating activities that define its financial condition. Management’s Discussion and Analysis In June 1999, the GASB issued a statement requiring government entities to include the Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) within the CAFR. The MD&A discusses issues related to government entities, such as financial performance, capital resources, and budget trends, in regard to its financial position. The MD&A gives the government an opportunity to present an overview of its financial activities. This section contains most of the basic financial statements. Auditors are responsible for reviewing the financial material to verify that the information is correct (Copley & Engstrom, 2011). The State of Alabama’s MD&A provides useful financial highlights to CAFR users and the public. At the end of September 30, 2011, Alabama’s net assets increased by $335 million and exceeded liabilities by  $24.1 billion at the end of the fiscal year. By reviewing the financial highlights, a user can gather information about the state’s six major funds that operate the government for Alabama. The General Fund and Education Trust fund were prorated by 15 and 3 percent, respectively because collection did not meet the projections outlined in the budget. Users also can access the state’s basic financial statements, which consist of government-wide financial statements, fund financial statements, and notes to the financial statements. Because the MD&A performs its analysis using financial conditions based on the balance sheet, statement of revenues, expenditures, and changes in the funds balance, the CAFR is more understandable to its users (Department of Finance: Office of the State Comptroller, 2011). Conclusion The CAFR is an annual financial statement issued by a state or local government to represent its financial position. There are noteworthy differences between for-profit and governmental accounting. Understanding these differences is fundamental when measuring management’s performance and the financial success or failure of the entity. The organization is accountable for its success or failures because of the information presented in the organization’s CFAR. Furthermore, the MD&A provides a more comprehensible outline of management’s breakdown and impacts of governmental activities on the financial situation of the organization. References Copley, P., & Engstrom, J. (2011). Essentials of accounting for governmental and not-for-profit organizations (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Department of Finance: Office of the State Comptroller. (2011). Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Fiscal Year ended September 30, 2011. Retrieved from http://comptroller.alabama.gov/pdfs/CAFR/CAFR.Ala.2011.pdf GASB. (2012). Why Government Accounting and Financial Reporting is – and should be- Different. Retrieved from http://www.gasb.org/white_paper_full.pdf Granof, M. H., & Wardlow, P. S. (2011). Core Concepts of Government and Not-for-Profit Accounting (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley & Sons. Office of Financial Management. (2012). Comprehensive Annual Financial Report. Retrieved from http://www.ofm.wa.gov/cafr/

Infrastructure and Housing in Malaysia

The original purpose of holding architecture is due to the demand of human existences. During ancient clip, worlds were brooding in caves. However, people need nutrient to last. Peoples need to travel out to run therefore a impermanent shelter for runing and assemblage is needed to against Sun or rain. This is the starting of something coming architecture. Along with the betterments and alterations of demands of homo for life, the development of architectures began. Alternatively of hunting, people started to settle down to the concern of agribusiness. Here come to the emerged of lasting colonies. Slowly, the maps of architectures increase together with the addition of demands of human existences ( Gascoigne, 2001 ) . However, human existences are largely ocular animals ( Mary Rottman, 2013 ) . They like to fancify all the things that they can. Hence, different period clip of manners appear bit by bit. This influences the visual aspect of architecture every bit good as the houses at the same clip. There is no exclusion for the development of architectures of Malaysia. Harmonizing to The Encyclopedia of Malaysia by Chen Voon Fee, the mundane homes of the local people can be referred by slang houses which ‘vernacular’ means ‘domestic’ or ‘indigenous’ . Therefore, the local houses’ manners, how the houses are built and the type of stuffs that were used are chiefly focused by this type of architecture. The places of the Orang Asli—the foremost autochthonal people of Peninsula every bit good as Sabah and Sarawak’s autochthonal group and the Malayans who are classified as the Austronesian group of people are included in Malaysia. Post-and-beam constructions which are raised on piles, with gabled roofs are the basic of Malaysia’s common houses. The Encyclopedia of Malaysia farther elaborates the undermentioned traditions: A extremely delicate architecture was developed by the Malays for their houses in 1511 which was the period that Melaka being conquered by the Portuguese which reflecting contemporary rules of standardisation, prefabrication, site assembly and enlargement. Timber and other jungle green goodss are the edifice stuff and pitched roofs, post-and-beam building are its characteristic. The houses were highly suited to the tropical region’s climes which are hot and wet. The residents were all afforded with cosy airing and filtered visible radiation though the different lines on the E and west seashores of the Peninsula influenced the development of the roof signifiers. Palaces and mosque, longhouses and homes were applied with the same building techniques and stuffs in order by the Malays, the autochthonal peoples of Sabah and Sarawak and the immigrant people at the minute. The Portuguese and the Dutch introduced unknown edifice types such as garrisons and churches, and accomplishments every bit good as altered in the graduated table of edifices and the stuffs that were used. Furthermore, to set up streets and allocate quarters of the town to different communities, town planning was used. However, their different architectural manners had no digesting influence although they had occupied Melaka for over 300 old ages. The Straits Settlements of Penang, Melaka and Singapore were set up via the British which led by the understanding between the Dutch and the British in 1826. Malaysia had a great transmutation hundred old ages subsequently. The manner for modern and urban substructure was paved by the creative activity of colonial business and commercial involvements in the town such as Melaka, Georgetown in Penang and Kuching in Sarawak. Tin excavation so changed in graduated table and moved upstream and inland which ab initio a bungalow industry along the bayou of the West seashore. Peninsular west coast’s was efficaciously opened up followed by the large-scale planning of gum elastic which to the initiation of tin-mining Centres, Chinese and Indian colonists, to work the mines and plantations was brought in which makes their typical edifices enrich their new fatherland in the early 1900s. The substructure of roads, railroads and ports was financed from the net incomes of the creative activity of universe markets for Malaysia’s Sn and rubber along with the rise of Western industrialisation. The hard-on of enforcing administrative and commercial edifices were enabled by prosperity and assurance chiefly in the Western Neoclassical manner and of other edifices which in a mixture of European manners. From 1896, the imported Mogul manner which was retroflex all over the state particularly mosque was enjoyed a short but permanent period by Kuala Lumpur which is the capital of the Federated Malay States from 1896. The chilly avenues of Penang, Ipoh, Melaka and Kuala Lumpur were lined by Sn and rubber wealth with broad Villas. The colonial influence in the northern and eastern parts of the Malays Peninsula was minimum. Therefore, the royal capitals of Alor Setar, Kota Bharu, Kuala Terengganu and Arau were the development of Malay urban Centres from bunchs of campongs gr ouped around the ruler’s castles and the chief mosques. Malaysia’s architecture embodied the taking tendencies from the West in the period between the two universe wars. The passage from the traditional slang was marked by Art Deco while early Modernism and the International Style were transited from Western Neoclassical manners. A batch of professionally qualified designers, largely expatriate, designed most of the edifices at the minute. Building programs within town bounds were so required to breast by the debut of constructing by-laws to ‘qualified persons’ . Along with the Merdeka, or Independence, in 1957, Malaysia has the greatest architectural transmutation. The new nation’s capital, Kuala Lumpur, was so transformed from a colonial town. New and make bolding signifiers expressed the chesty symbol of nationhood which largely the work of abroad trained Malaysians. The first arose skyscraper was enabled with the changed of the graduated table of commercial edifices by advanced building accomplishments and industrialised constituents. The appeared of shopping arcades and mega promenades replaced the store houses and emerged of multifunction composites was made manner by townhouses. Then, suburban Centres and townships were created by the replacing of cottages and flats to condominiums with centralised installations and large-scale lodging estates of insistent single- and double-storey nexus houses. The consequences which are non ever compatible shows that vie with the International Style was formed by autochthonal cultural which showed a Malayan architectural individuality in the on-going hunt. Owing to the penchant of anon. , the Sun shadowing installations of the early skyscrapers had replaced by all-enveloping tinted and heat-resisting glass. Tropical elements such as elevated planting and new showing devices are introduced merely one time in a piece. The consciousness of the demand to continue prewar edifices was being enhanced which coincided with the lag in the belongings market which because of the inordinate edifice of the 1980s and so, the country’s foremost non-governmental organisation for heritage saving was born. On the contrary, the gait of edifice was boosted with the ageless economic growing in the 1990s for about a decennary and a figure of mega undertakings was develop finally. The mega undertakings include: one of the world’s tallest office towers, the Petronas Twin Towers ; a state-of-the-art airdrome, the Kuala Lumpur International Airport which was located in a semisynthetic wood ; a design which placed Malaysia at the front line of bit and fibre optics engineering, the Multimedia Super Corridor ; and last but non least, the country’s 21stcentury place of authorities, the Putrajaya. Enormous challenges were faced by Malayan architecture in a technological universe at the get downing point of the new millenary. To hold a better quality of life in the 21stcentury, it is pressing to continue Malaysia’s early edifices and depict from them valuable lessons on graduated table to better the Malayan live and work which more environmentally antiphonal solutions will be demanded by greater urbanisation.

Barbados

Barbados is a small country located in the Caribbean Sea. The capital is Bridgetown with a population of about 8,789. The head of state of Barbados is Queen Elizabeth II and she is represented by General Dame Nita Barrow. The total population of the country is around 252,000. The main language is English and the predominant religion is Christianity. Their date of independence was November 30, 1966. Plagiarism Detection >Barbados is the eastern most Caribbean Island. It is about 200 miles North-North East of Trinidad and about 100 miles East- South East of St. Lucia. It is the second smallest country in the Western Hemisphere. The major urban centers in the area include Bridgetown, Speightstown, Oistins, and Holetown. The land is mainly flat except for a series of ridges that rise up to about 1,000 feet and then falling towards the sea.The climate of the region consists of tropical temperatures influenced by the Northeast trade winds. The average annual temperature is approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit. The daily temperatures rarely get above 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The dry season is cool, while the wet season is slightly warmer. The main rains come during the months of July, August, September, October, and November. The annual average rainfall is 40 inches in the coastal areas and 90 inches in the central areas.The net migration into Barbados is 4.82 per 1000. The annual growth rate is 0.4%, which is one of the lowest in the world. The annual birthrate is 15.45 per 1000, and the annual deathrate is 8.27 per 1000. Barbados ranks fourth in the World in population density with the overall density being 1526 per square mile. The whole island is inhabited, leaving no sparsely populated areas. The main race is Negro, which is about 92% of the population. The remainder of the population is consists of Whites (3.8%), Mulattoes (3.8%), and East Indians (0.4%). About 70% of the population is Anglican. The other 30% belong to various denominations such as Moravian, Method ist, and Roman Catholic.Barbados was once under British control from 1624. Its House of Assembly, which began in 1639, is the third oldest legislative body in the Western Hemisphere. By the time Britain left in 1966, the island was completely English in culture. The British influence is still seen today in quaint pubs, cricket games on the village greens, and in the common law.Barbados government is British Parliament. The queen is the head of state and she is represented by the governor general. The governor general appoints an advisory council. The executive authority is the Prime Minister who is Owen Seymour Arthur which came into power on September 6, 1994. The Deputy Prime Minister is Billie Miller who also came into power on September 6, 1994. The democratic government works well in the country. They have had three general elections and one smooth transfer of power from the Democratic Labor Party to the Barbados Labor Party. Barbados carries on trade with other Caribbean natio ns and does have diplomatic relations with Cuba. Their closest relations are with the United Stated, and the United Kingdom. Barbados joined the United Nations is 1966.The economy of Barbados is one of the 35 upper middle-income countries of the world. They have a free-market economy, but the dominant sector is private. Their economy is based on sugar and tourism, but the government has encouraged a policy of diversification in order to achieve a more stable nation. They also depend on a light manufacturing industry. Their monetary unit is the Barbados dollar. The coins are made in 1, 5, 10, and 25 cents. The paper money is made in 1, 5, 10, 20, and 100 dollar bills. One U.S. dollar is equal to 2.01 Barbados dollar (1975).About 60% of the land is cropland. The agriculture industry employs 7.4% of the labor force and contributes about 8.7% to the Gross Domestic Product. Sugarcane makes up over half the acreage. Bananas are also grown, but only on a limited scale. Sea island cotton is also grown. All of the farmers are required by regulations to plant at least 12% of their arable land with some food crop.Barbados natural resources include petroleum, fishing, and natural gas. The fishing industry employs about 2,500 people and 500 small boats. Their are no natural forests in the country. Manufacturing contributes about 11.2% to the GDP. Manufacturing and mining employ about 18.9% of the labor force. The majority of the industrial establishments are engaged in some form of sugar processing. Sugar is the principal export. The principal imports include machinery, motor vehicles, lumber, and fuels. Barbados per capita income of $9,200 makes it one of the highest standards of living of all the small island states of the Eastern Caribbean. Barbados is also one of the many transshipment points for narcotics bound for the U.S. and Europe.Some of the current issues in the country consist of the pollution of coastal waters from the waste disposal ships, soil erosion, and i llegal solid waste disposal that threatens contamination of aquifers. Barbados is also plagued with natural disasters such as hurricanes and landslides. Their hurricane season is between the months of June and October, which is the same season as the U.S. Plagiarism Detection >SourcesThe World Factbook 1995. Central Intelligence Agency. 1995. The World in Figures. Showers, Victor. 1973. Library of Congress. Encyclopedia of the Third World. Kurian, George Thomas. 1987. Library of Congress. World Christian Encyclopedia: A comparative Study of Churches and the Religions in the Modern World, AD 1900-2000. Caribbean Week. Barbados. Internet.

Need to summarise and paraphrase in own words Essay

Need to summarise and paraphrase in own words - Essay Example Even though the two sources overlap, they differ in focus as social science evaluates social processes and structures while nursing concentrates on the dearth of men in nursing and recruitment and retention approaches. Additionally, social science asserts that male nurses experience difficulties in their profession while nursing opposes this assertion. According to the author, historically, men were greatly involved in nursing in war and during the monastic movement. But in the 19th Century, Florence Nightingale introduced reforms in training based on the perception of women as being biologically endowed in caring and nurturing which saw men being replaced by women in nursing as men solely took up combat roles. The challenges that men face in nursing include cultural norms that makes people in other professions to discriminate against them. In addition, the support from supervisors, clients and colleagues and the discrimination from outsiders considering them as feminised males also present a challenge. Therefore, male nurses adopt labour practices that would shield them from stereotypic segregation. Despite these discriminative aspects, the researcher notes that men would not experience prejudice or discrimination in female-dominated occupations as would females in male-dominated occupations. Their minority representation advantages them for promotion as opposed to hindering them. The discrimination in hiring places them at an advantaged context as female-dominated specialties have been noted to attract more males. Sexist attitudes hinder females from breaking the invisible barriers for promotions to highest

Binge Drinking In College Students Research Paper

Binge Drinking In College Students - Research Paper Example The blood- alcohol content in her body during the time of death was 0.52. This was six times more than the legal adult intoxication limit as per the law in California. The girl measured 5 feet 2 inches in height. She weighed about 100 pounds. According to the toxicology report the girl had drank an equivalent of one pint of whiskey in an hour to get to this blood –alcohol content rate. There were more such reports of alcohol related deaths from different campuses in the country during the last three years. These incidents and the series of research reports and surveys that followed prompted this investigation after much pre investigative research .The pre investigative research showed that the issue is wide spread in the United States and it is beyond race and gender among the young school / college students. Thus focusing on gender or race for this investigation seemed meaningless. But still, the investigation included more whites than other races almost at the percentage of 80-20, because the whites are in majority and because the issue is not a racially culture specific .More males were included in the investigation than females as of course males indulged in alcohol abuses more than the females, may be as a part of macho freedom and macho power evidently present in a male dominated society. Most of the youngsters included in the investigation indicated that it is the subculture that exists in the campuses in the United States that leads to alcohol abuses .When fresh students reach the campus, most of them away from home for the first time, they are very cordially invited for free beer parties. The ready availability of cheap alcohol especially beer is another factor that traps students into this drinking sub-culture in the campuses. Availability of cheap alcohol, according to students included in the investigation, tempts them to drink in private settings like dorms and fraternity parties. Alcohol

Policing and HRA 1998 (UK Law) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Policing and HRA 1998 (UK Law) - Essay Example There are sixteen basic rights in the human rights act, all taken from the European convention of human rights. The main effects of the Human Rights Act, 1998 are thresholds.2 First, when deciding cases before them, all courts and tribunals are required to take into account the conventions, as well as the decisions made by the institutions.3 Secondly, the national courts should read, if possible, the primary and secondary legislation in a manner, which is compatible with the conventions. Thirdly, public authorities are under a duty to act in accordance with convention failure, which results into civil action being taken against them. Generally, the main purpose of this convention was to proclaim a series of universal human rights which militate against the repetition of those events which had caused such immeasurable suffering. All public officials, including the police, have an obligation to respect and act according to the convention rights.4 Acting in such a way to contravene or go against these laws is unlawful and the citizens can raise any inappropriate act before the UK court or tribunal.5 The statements in this convention have to be contained within its articles which are augmented in its protocols which have been added since its formulation. In this paper, we shall look at how the various articles in the human right act have affected the police practice in crime investigation. A person has a right to have their life protected by the law.6 No one shall be deprived of his life. The act outlaws the death sentence in the United Kingdom. There are only limited circumstances where one can take away another’s life, like for self-defense. The police are therefore, expected to be very careful when carrying out an investigation because any act that may result to the death of the criminal is not justifiable under the law. A police is not supposed to end a person’s life by use of excess force even if he is defending the person from unlawful act,

Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Judaism - Essay Example Their story has played out over time until now when more and more people believe. Anyone born of a Jewish mother is considered a Jew. Jews believe that God appointed them to be his chosen people in order to be an example of holiness and ethical behavior to the whole world. They still hold this view up to date and it is not easy to convince them that all human beings stand an equal chance before God. Different religions have different views regarding different subjects such as marriage, children rights, and individual’s role in the society and at home. It is important to understand how a specific religion such as Judaism views and evaluates each of the roles and if there are special considerations. The central idea of Judaism is a commitment by the Jewish people to one (single) incorporeal God who is also omnipotent and is the creator and ruler of the universe as well as the source of moral law for humanity. The Jewish people believe in the Torah, which was the law given to the Israelites at Sinai. They believe they must follow Gods law which governs their daily life. Legal books were later written by Rabbis; determining the law as it applies to life in each new place and time (Tenakh).  They have several rituals such as the mitzvoth (observance of Torah), the observance of the 613 commandments, rabbinic law, keeping kosher, going to the synagogue where they hear the readings and their worship and prayer. It is like rituals define their religion give the importance they attach to different kind of rituals. Rituals define every aspect of Judaism and this approach is totally different from other religions which do not rely on any kind of ritual to establish an achievement, mos t religions rely on their teachings and the set doctrines that guide their followers. Judaism has applications and requirements of the believer that they are simply unable to meet in fullness. Their requirements limit many people around the globe from joining their faith

Read the selections from the 2 legalists, han feizi and Li Si, posted Essay

Read the selections from the 2 legalists, han feizi and Li Si, posted on canvas, compare that to the teachings of confucianism. write down a few aspects where legalism would not agree with confucianism - Essay Example Domestic violence refers to physical or emotional abuse directed to one whom you are in a relationship or married. Domestic violence usually occurs to any person irrespective of gender, age, race, religion or location. In any form of domestic violence, there is often the abuser and the one who is abused. Recognizing domestic violence at an early stage is critical at ending it in any form of relationship (Davis, 2008). Therefore, understanding it in depth is what most articles would talk about. Based on the publishers, the issue of domestic violence is a reality in the society and should be addressed as soon as possible. Moreover, the writer has maintained a neutral ground while talking about the issue without pointing any fingers towards any person that exist in an abusive relationship. Based on the authors writing, writer’s association with special interest to domestic violence victims can view her point of view as unbiased (Smith, 2014). All in all, it is clear that the auth or related to the problems faced by people in domestic violence scenarios, addressed them in relation to his thesis. Davis, R. L. (2008). Domestic violence: intervention, prevention, policies, and solutions. N.p.: Boca Raton: CRC Press, c2008. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from

Sustainable destination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable destination - Essay Example In several people’s mind, they would interpret sustainable tourism as sustaining attraction in ensuring that there is a continuous flow of visitors, but according to Leslie (2012), sustainable tourism is the development that meets the necessities of the present environment with no compromise in the capability of the prospect generations to attain their own necessities. Primarily, sustainable tourism advocates for the intelligent use and maintenance of resources with the intention of upholding their long-term feasibility. Therefore, this paper will critically evaluate tourism practices also how the practices align with principles of sustainability; it will also evaluate two tourism operations in order to analyze their sustainability practices. According to Leslie (2012), sustainable tourism is an industry committed to making a low impact on the environment and the society while generating income and employment for the community. Tourism frequently relies on high quality and stimulating destinations environment, therefore, tourism is the security to the economy, environment, and the social agenda to the government, since it plays a role in the conservation as a justification for the preservation and upgrading of cultural and natural heritage (Leslie, 2012). From the time when the Agenda 21 was the development intended for the Travel and Tourism Industry, the term sustainability has become commonly used word several debates in tourism. The idea of sustainability in tourism has stirred past the common definition of ecotourism to embrace several other concepts of tourism. However, the implication of sustainable tourism practices are far from universal and researchers have expressed their frustration at the slow pace of change (Leslie, 2012). While some industries and companies have changed considerably in the adjustment of behaviors in becoming more socially, economically, and environmentally responsible, it appears that the tourism

There is no need to have laws which regulate immigration into the Essay

There is no need to have laws which regulate immigration into the UK.Consider whether you agree with the above statement, presenting arguments and evidence for your position - Essay Example UK offers both, job opportunities as well as education. Most of the times, immigrants do not want their children the kind of life which they had spent. In such case, people make the run for the border. Nowadays, the contemporary British society is facing the most serious problems of immigration laws. A lot of people from all over the world have started moving to UK. A large number of those people come from Asia. States like Manchester, London and Birmingham constitute of Asian immigrants to a greater extent than ever before. Many experts believe that the increasing number of illegal immigrants is dangerous not only for the socio-political life of the nation but also for the development of the national economy. This situation has become a serious concern for UK Government. The history of UK reveals a heavy inflow of immigrants which leads to adverse reaction to the existing population of the country. Majority of the citizens of UK believe that the number of immigrants that are coming to the country must be limited and the existing immigration laws must not be changed. The direction of immigration can be in both ways, there can be positive development but on other hand, negative development can also not be denied. On one hand, it open various ways for the talented people coming from other land but on other hand it raises the rate of competition and issues of struggling for native people. In my opinion, the existing immigrations laws of UK must not be changed. The reason is that immigration laws work well for the stability of the population of a country and it helps in reducing the citizens’ unsatisfaction that comes from the antagonism towards the immigrants. Many citizens of UK believe that the major concern is that when immigrants come to their country, they snatch jobs from the native people. In actual, that’s not the real situation. The major concern is of illegal immigration. The Nationality Act and Immigration limits the number of work permits or

Health and safety needs of individuals Essay Example for Free

Health and safety needs of individuals Essay Introduction Write a reflective account that evaluates your own contribution to the health and safety needs of individuals whom you have worked with in your placements over the last 9 months. Reflections Domiciliary Care Work. The purpose of reflection stated by (John, 1995) â€Å" is to promote desirable practice through the practitioner’s understanding and learning about his/her lived experiences†. The key laws and policies that have an impact on my work as a social care worker are The Health and Safety at Work Order (NI) 1978, The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (NI) 2000, Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013 (RIDDOR), The Manual Handling Operations Regulations (NI) 1992, Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 2002 and Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (NI) COSHH 2003. The organisation that I am employed with provides a domillicillary care service to vulnerable adults within the community in their own homes. Before any work can commence with a service user, â€Å"a skilled assessment of clients needs and strengths is essential to effective planning† as stated by (Taylor Devine, 1993). A risk assessment is then carried out by the occupational therapist. The law states â€Å"you are required to protect people as far as is reasonably practicable†, (Hse, 2014). The findings of the risk assessment are recorded and included in the care plan. At the service user’s home I would familiarise myself with their care plan. I need to ensure that as a social care worker I contribute to the welfare, health, safety and security of that individual as outlined in my employers code of practice and other relevant recommendations of safe moving and handling that is listed for my attention and other care workers. I used â€Å"PPE in accordance with training and instructions†, (Rsi, 2014) supplied by my employer to ensure I protect the service user and myself from infection. On one occasion, I found that a service user was afraid of the hoist because of a fear of falling, feeling vulnerable and embarrassed. I felt empathy for the service user but stated that all moving to and from the bed or chair had to be carried out using the hoist which is stated on the risk assessment for her safety and it is against the moving and handling policy not adhering to the care plan. The service user was further advised that since she had refused to allow the hoist to be used, unfortunately she had  to stay in bed or be lifted by a member of the family. It was my responsibility to have adhered to the moving and handling policy for my own safety and that of the service user whose mobility is impaired. As an employee within the health sector it is my responsibility to conform to the health and safety policy. By adhering to this, I feel that it has enabled me to observe all the safety rules and regulations that are required by law for me to follow. Wearing of gloves, apron s and footwear at all times are standard precaution to take for infection control. Infection control practices are adopted to minimise the spread of infection from one person to another. I feel that it is also my responsibility to report all potential hazards, accidents or incidents to my line manager. Yesterday when I arrived at the home of a service user who has mental impairment, I was confronted by newspapers strewn all over the room, split urine bottles and bags of soiled pads that was taken from the rubbish bin outside. The service user was hoarding these in his room. I felt uncomfortable and immediately, I called my line manager where arrangements were made through his social worker to get his room cleaned to avoid any potential infection from the soiled pads and spilt urine. By attending all mandatory training on moving and handling, food hygiene, administering of medication and first aid. I feel I am kept up to date through training and have improved my own awareness and skills whilst working with service users in a health and safety environment. Recently a service user was walking in the kitchen with her walking stick when she fell and sustained multiple br uises. On my visit I was informed of the incident, which I immediately recorded and reported to my line manager. Since the service user mobility was impaired I encouraged her to use the zimmer emphasising that by using the zimmer it would reduce the risks of her falling and causing potential injury which could be serious. Another issue I had recently was with a co-worker who had decided that in order to save time, we would drag lift a double amputee service user instead of using the glide sheet to glide him up the bed. I was uncomfortable with that suggestion and I refused to partake in that method of moving and handling which was against company policy and I feel I could have potentially caused serious damage to the service user and ourselves. I now think that by insisting that we were to follow the correct moving and handling procedures this prevented any incident from happening and did not leave us open to  disciplinary action. Conclusion Health and safety is an important part of my work out in the community and I need to continuously reflect on this in my every day practice. I feel more secure I the knowledge that it is acceptable to use reflection as a tool in order to turn any unpleasant experience into a positive one

History of the American Constitution

History of the American Constitution Confederation and Constitution As depression struck the new nation in the mid-1780s, new questions arose about the nature of American democracy. Many conservatives believed that the answer lay in a stronger national government.Most radicals believed it was up to the states to relieve the financial burden of the people. These sentiments fostered a movement for a new constitution. Political differences soon stimulated the creation of political parties. Compare and contrast the Articles of Confederation with the new Constitution of 1787. What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles vis-à  -vis the Constitution? Give specific instances that demonstrate the weakness of the Articles (such asthe Western problem). Then analyze the drafting of the Constitution, using specific details to show how the various states (slave vs. free, east vs. west) compromised in order to effectively draft a constitution.Pay particular attention to Roger Sherman’s plan,the Great Compromise, which broke a stalemate that could have been fatal to the development of the new Constitution. Finally, compare and contrast the debate over ratification between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. Make sure you cite specific examples from the Federalist Papers to support the Federalist position and contrast it with leading proponents of the opposition (such asJohn Hancock). Analyze how the debate over a bill of rights illustrates the differences between the two parties. Evaluate the relative success of the Bill of Rights in achieving an effective balance between national and states’ interests. Revolution: From Rebellion to Jeffersonian Democracy A Different Kind of Revolution | From Confederation to Constitution | Federalist Timeline The end of the American Revolution was the beginning of the formation of a new republic. But the transition was not easy, as the Articles of Confederation that first bound the thirteen colonies proved too weak to confront the problems that faced the new nation. The transition from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution to Jeffersonian Democracy is the focus of this week’s work. A Different Kind of Revolution Back to Top The American Revolution has spawned a vast amount of literature, as it created the first new nation-state of the modern era. Yet, compared with the French and Russian Revolutions that followed, it was a â€Å"conservative† revolution. It did not radically change the colonial society that existed before. From 1763 to 1776, the colonists argued that they were fighting for the rights of â€Å"Englishmen.† But some historians maintain that the revolution was truly radical, and point to the disestablishment of state religions immediately after the war. But the truth is that several states had already disestablished their state religions before the outbreak of war. Other historians point to the democratic state legislatures created after the war. But again, only Pennsylvania and Rhode Island established truly radical state governments with a unicameral legislature. The truth is that the basic elements of capitalism, money, and slavery remained after the revolution. Yet the founding fathers did believe that they were creating something new. The great seal proclaims, a â€Å"novus ordo seculorum† (a new world order). And world opinion abroad concurred with this opinion. One French observer complained of America’s experiment with â€Å"liberty and justice for all.† But the new nation lacked the prerequisites of nationhood: mythical origins, ancient folklore, one church, and common ethnic roots. In 1782, J. Hector St. John de Crà ¨vecÅ“ur published Letters from an American Farmer. He described Americans as a new people, dedicated to the principles of equal opportunity and self-determination. His work provided an understanding of the New World that helped create an American identity in the minds of Europeans. Crà ¨vecÅ“ur wrote, â€Å"What then is the American, this new man?He is an American, who, leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced†¦Here individuals of all races are melted into a new race of man, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world.† Men like Crà ¨vecÅ“ur and later Alexis de Tocqueville believed that Americans were truly different because they were tied together by the ideals of the Enlightenment—liberty, individuality, and democracy. The American identity took on the character of a civic religion. George Washington metamorphosed into something more than human. His birthday was made a national holiday in 1799 and Mason Adams carried this sanctification to an extreme with his story of the cherry tree. July 4th became â€Å"the† national holiday and the Declaration of Independence became a sacred text. It was only after the Civil War that due emphasis was placed on the Constitution. The national motto, e pluribus unum—from many one—expressed the new American ideal. The founding fathers did see something new in America, but, it was more prescriptive than descriptive. Freedom for many was still an illusion. From Confederation to Constitution Back to Top After the Revolutionary War, the patriots feared giving the new American government too much power. Early state governments argued over how much power to give the people. Some, like Thomas Paine, sought changes that would promote democracy; others like Alexander Hamilton feared giving too much power to the common man. Most states like Massachusetts and New York chose to create a conservative state constitution, with a bicameral legislature. But patriots continued to argue over who should be given the right to vote, with men like John Adams warning that allowing the poor to vote would â€Å"confound and destroy all distinctions, and prostrate all ranks to the common level.† Over time, the House of Representatives—the most democratic of all institutions—gained power at the expense of the Senate, the more conservative branch of government. In 1777, the Continental Congress drafted the Articles of Confederation. Drafted under the leadership of John Dickenson of Pennsylvania, the Articles were a loose confederation of thirteen states with very little power given to the federal government. The new federal government consisted of a congress of delegates chosen by state legislatures rather than by voters. It had no President or executive branch. The Articles granted only limited powers to Congress—to declare and conduct war and to regulate foreign affairs. Amending articles was almost impossible, as all thirteen states had to agree. One of the most important accomplishments of the Congress was the creation of the Northwest Territory, a vast area of land west of Pennsylvania and north of the Ohio River. The Land Ordinance of 1785 designed a system for distributing the land to settlers and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided a government for the western territories. Eventually, the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinoi s, Michigan, and Wisconsin would be carved out of this region. But the new Congress was too weak to deal with threats from Spain and Britain. Great Britain, who at first tried to cultivate good will with the new nation, returned to a policy of mercantilism, or trade in its own best interest. They prohibited American ships—in particular those from Massachusetts—to trade with the British West Indies. It soon became clear that the Articles themselves were part of the problem. Under the Articles, the federal Congress had no power to deal with the growing national debt. When the Congress tried to seek an amendment to levy a tax on imported goods, the amendment failed for lack of one vote. Meanwhile, with a slowdown in trade, more and more farmers went into debt. In 1787, Daniel Shays, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, led about 1,000 farmers in rebellion against the Massachusetts courts. While the rebellion quickly died out, it pointed to the weakness of the federal government in dealing with the growing national debt. The stage was s et for the Constitutional Convention of that same year. Constitutional Convention Now join in the discussions as a reporter at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. You are encouraged to take notes for your newspaper article at the end of this role-play. Constitutional Convention Federalist Timeline Back to Top The following timeline traces the evolution of the federal government from the Articles of Confederation to Jeffersonian Democracy. The Articles of Confederation proved too weak for the fledgling republic and so a new Constitution emerged in 1787. This gave rise to the two-party system, with men like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison leading the Democratic Republicans and George Washington and Alexander Hamilton remaining Federalists. With the election of Thomas Jefferson as President in 1799, American democracy took on a new, more populist flavor. This paper must be four to five double-spaced pages in length (not including the References page) and utilize no less thanfour academic quality sources.Margins should be no more thanone inch (right and left) and the essay should be composed in an appropriate font and size. Sources must be documented and cited using APA format. History of the American Constitution History of the American Constitution Michael Dean Jalal Nejad, Ph.D. When the United States won freedom from Great Britain after the American Revolution they adopted the Articles of Confederation. Twenty-one years the United States was ruled by the Articles until they adopted the U.S. Constitution in 1787. This made it so that the nation was rules by a sovereign national government, but also the states were sovereign as well. Some advantages that this system has over a strong national government in a highly centralized system is that it encourages competition between the states, as well as it gives sovereignty to the states to run themselves how they best see fit. Some disadvantages of the current system in the United States are that due to federal funding of state budgets if the role of national government was more limited it would have a drastic economic effect on the state. Also due to the aggressive nature of many federal programs the states cannot effectively run these programs themselves and depend on federal support. During the Articles of Confederation the national government was incredibly weak in power, this lack of national power left the nation not running as a whole unit but rather the states as separate organisms. After twenty-one years the United States rewrote their laws, and called it the U.S. Constitution. Under this set of laws the national government was sovereign but still getting its power from the people, and the states were sovereign as well and got their power from the people. Under the U.S. Constitution many different forms of federalism came and went, evolving to where the country is today, which is a marble-cake system of federalism. Marble-cake federalism is the cooperation between different levels of government, whether national, state, or local (Champagne Harpham 43). An advantage this system of government has over a strong national government in a highly centralized system is that it inspires competition amongst the states. Every state has policy issues but most states try to fix that problem their own way. If a state is successful in correcting the issue, then the policy would adjusted nationally to replicate what the state did in order to fix the problem. Another advantage of this system is that it gives states freedom to govern how they best see fit. This goes from gun control laws, traffic violations, and even the death penalty. Disadvantages to the current system in place would be that due to funding from the national government to states budgets if it were to be cut off or diminished, it would have a very profound effect on the economy of the state. This means that too much reliance on national government when it comes to money is a bad thing because some states rely very heavily on the federal government to help them balance their budget. Another disadvantage would be the reliance on federal support for different programs throughout the states, without their support many of these programs would suffer heavily or even fail completely. Due to this crutch that the states have they cannot fully be sovereign. To conclude, this country has gone through many different types of federalism from complete separation of power between the different levels of government to where the country is now which is call marble-cake federalism. There are both advantages and disadvantages that this system has over a strong national government in a highly centralized system. Some advantages would be that it invokes creativity and competition throughout the states (Champagne Harpham 44), as well as giving the states freedom to govern how they see fit. Some disadvantages would be that the states rely too heavily on federal government for funding, as well as leaning too much on the national government when it comes to implementing and maintaining different programs. Works Cited Champagne, Anthony, and Edward J. Harpham. Governing Texas:. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2013. Print.

Strategic options to globalisation

Strategic options to globalisation Different organizations around the world strive to expand and grow. Igor Ansoffs matrix is a tool that helps businesses decide their product and market growth strategy. Ansoffs product/growth matrix suggests that a business attempts to grow depend on whether it markets new or existing products in new or existing markets. The output from Ansoffs matrix is a series of suggested growth strategies that a set direction for the business strategy. They are as follows: Market penetration. Selling existing products existing markets. Product development. Selling new products to existing markets. Market development. Existing products being sold to new markets. Diversification. Selling new products to new markets. The report explores the strategies mentioned above in detail and provides examples of global firms that have used the strategies. INTRODUCTION Globalisation is the gradual integration and growing interdependence of natural economies. It allows firms to view the world as an integrated market place. Firms will use different methods to expand. METHODOLOGY The contents of this report were acquired by research, that is, by reading different books as well as the internet. MARKET PENETRATION This strategy applies to selling an existing product in an existing market. It is suitable in a growing market which is as yet not saturated. Market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectives: Maintain or increase the market share of current products- this can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal selling. Secure dominance of growth markets Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors, this would require a much more aggressive promotional campaign supported by a pricing strategy designed to make the market unattractive for competitors. Increase usage by existing customers, for example by introducing loyalty schemes. . An example of market penetration is recognizing that software as a service can be a potent market penetration tool, Dell is assembling a services portfolio that now includes e-mail disaster recovery, spam/virus filtering and archiving via its messageOne acquisition.(www.soopertutorials.com). It is unlikely for this strategy to require much investment in new market research as it is likely that the firm will have good information on competitors and customer needs. The typical risk of market penetration is that it may lead to price wars with competitors with the same strategy and low pricing could be detrimental to the perceived brand value and to the company reputation. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT This involves developing new products to sell in existing markets. It is usually employed with branded goods so that the qualities of the new product are linked to the customers confidence in the established brand. This strategy may require the development of new competences and builds on customer loyalty. New product development can be an amendment of existing products in order to produce products which are new to the market or it can totally be innovative. The Booz Allen Hamilton model outlines the stages of new product development as follows: IDEA GENERATION Ideas are collected from perhaps the sales force, distributors and customers. The company actively looks for opportunities, and new products can be produced in response to a perceived, or recognized demand. Ideas must be collected, considered feasibility and eventually passed to people who are responsible for screening. SCREENING The firm will set a certain criteria, for example the product must fit with the rest of the range; there must be a recognized level of demand; it must give a stated level of profit. Assuming some ideas meet the criteria, they are then passed on to people responsible for the next stage. CONCEPT TESTING This is not a product test but an idea test. The idea is taken to potential buyers as well as to the internal processing people to check on manufacture, packaging, distribution. OUTLINING POSSIBLE MARKETING STRATEGIES The results of the concept testing can help a company to decide just how it will market the product. Discussions made at this time depend a great deal not only on the results of the concept testing but also o the knowledge of the marketplace and the planning skills of the marketers involved. Knowledge of the marketplace is something which requires research. BUSINESS ANALYSIS It is here that potential profits are compared to the production and marketing costs to see if its worth proceeding. It is at this stage that products are often rejected as they do not demonstrate enough potential earnings in a given period of time, whereas given the appropriate support they may actually be products which could give huge profits over a longer period of time. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT To begin manufacturing a new product is a risky venture. Because of this some manufacturers will choose to produce a prototype, or small batches, in order to test effectiveness before they give full commitment to production. The effort in producing in small quantities adds to the expense and time involved, not to mention the possibility of the competition becoming aware of what the company is doing. TEST MARKETING The product is introduced to a representative sample of the potential market. Although it may be expensive, it is better to use more than one testing area so that comparisons can be made. Different prices, advertisements, methods of distribution and perhaps even packaging may be used in different areas so that the company can see which methods are most effective. The problems that arise at his stage include: Buyers people often buy a product just to try it. They may like it and tell a researcher so, but will often revert back to their normal purchases because of brand loyalty. Distributors and suppliers they may be willing to give a new product exposure because of an introductory incentive, but once the incentive is withdrawn they may not be so willing to cooperate. Competition if they have relatively similar products, competitors may take defensive action and introduce promotional activity that will undermine the testing. COMMERCIALISATION This is the full scale manufacture and launch of the product onto the marketplace. If all of he stages have been carried out correctly, the product should have a good chance of success. An example of a firm that used the product development strategy is Hewlett and Packard who practiced allocating work time to encourage new designs. Another example is the Apple iPhone has been such a success and the company now dominates the smart phone world.(Michael Malone) The risks of product development are uncertainty of new technology, teething troubles of the new products and time pressure due to competition. MARKET DEVELOPMENT This involves offering an existing product in a new market. This strategy is used when a regional business wants to expand, or when new markets are opening up. Market development might take three forms: New segments. For example in the public services, a college might offer its educational services to older students than its traditional intake, perhaps via evening courses. New users. Here an example would be aluminium, whose original users packaging and cutlery manufacture are now supplemented by users in aerospace and automobiles. New geographies. The prime example of this is internationalization. The four risks of internationalization are commercial risk, currency risk, country risk, cross-cultural risk. When selecting an entry strategy, managers should consider the following six variables: The goals and objectives of the firm, such as profitability and market share. Unique conditions in the target country such as legal, cultural, economic circumstances, as well as the nature of business infrastructure, such as distribution and transport systems. The nature and extent of competition from existing rivals and from firms that may enter the market later. The characteristics of the product or service to be offered to customers in the market. The financial, organizational, and technological resources and capabilities available to the firm. The risks inherent in each proposed foreign venture in relation to the firms and objectives in pursuing internationalization. A firm can use the following strategies when entering new markets geographically. EXPORTING Exporting is the strategy of producing products or services (often the producers home country), and selling and distributing them to customers located in other countries. There are two types of exporting Indirect exporting which is accomplished by contracting with intermediaries located in the firms home market. Direct exporting that is accomplished by contracting with intermediaries located in the foreign market. Firms venturing abroad for the first time usually use exporting as their entry strategy. Exporting is also the entry strategy most favored by small and medium sized enterprises. Advantages of exporting Increased overall sales volume, improve market share, and generate profit margins that are often more favorable than in the domestic market. Diversify customer base, reducing dependence on home markets. It minimizes risk and maximizes flexibility as compared to other entry strategies. It avoids substantial costs of establishing manufacturing operations in the host country. Increases economies of scale therefore and reduces per-unit cost of manufacturing. Lower cost of market entry since the firm does not have to invest in the target market or maintain a physical presence there. This is how Sony came to dominate the global TV market, how Japanese automakers made inroads in the U.S market and how South Korean firms such as Samsung gained market share in computer memory chips. location to the rest of the world. The more successful managers use a systematic approach to improve the firms prospects by assessing the potential markets, organizing the firm to undertake exporting, acquiring appropriate skills and competencies, and implementing export operations. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT This is an internationalization strategy in which the firm establishes a physical presence abroad through acquisition of productive assets such as capital, technology, labor, land, plant and equipment. Foreign direct investment is characterized by six key features. It represents greater resource commitment. It has far more taxing on the resources and capabilities than any other entry strategy. It implies local presence and operations. It allows the firm to achieve global scale efficiency, which helps enhance the performance of the firm. It entails substantial risk and uncertainty because establishing a permanent fixed presence in a foreign country makes the firm vulnerable to specific circumstances in that country. Investors must deal more intensively with particular social and cultural variables presenting the host market. Multi national firms increasingly strive to behave in socially responsible ways in host countries. STRATEGIC ALLIANCES Strategic alliances refer to cooperative agreements between potential or actual competitors. Strategic alliances range from formal joint ventures, in which firms have high equity stakes (Fuji-Xerox), to short term contractual agreements, in which two companies agree to cooperate on a particular task. Advantages of strategic alliances Strategic alliances facilitate entry into foreign markets. Alliances allow firms to share fixed costs of developing new products and processes. Alliances are a way of bringing together complementary skills and assets that neither company could easily develop on its own. Disadvantages of strategic alliances They give competitors a low cost route to new technology and markets. Unless a firm is careful it can give away more than it receives. JOINT VENTURES A joint venture entails establishing a firm that is jointly owned by two or more otherwise independent firms. The firm benefits from the local partners knowledge of the host countrys competitive conditions, culture, language, political, systems and business systems. When risks and costs of opening a foreign market are high a firm might gain by sharing these costs or risks with a local partner. A firm entering into a joint venture risks giving control of its technology to its partner. However, joint venture agreements can be contracted to minimize this risk. LICENSING A licensing agreement is an arrangement whereby a licensor grants the rights to intangible property to another entity (the licensee) for a specified period and in return receives a royalty fee from the licensee. Intangible property includes patents, inventions, formulas, processes, designs, copyrights and trademarks. High technological firms routinely license their patents and know-how to foreign companies. For example, Disney licenses the right to use its cartoon characters in the production of shirts and hats to clothing manufacturers in Hong Kong. Disney also licenses its trademark names and logos to manufacturers of apparel, toys and watches for sale worldwide. Coca-Cola has licensed its famous trademark to clothing manufacturers, which have incorporated the design into clothing. Many firms have made the mistake of thinking they could maintain control over their know-how within the framework of the licensing agreement. RCA corporation for example, once licensed its colour TV technology to Japanese firms including Sony. These firms quickly assimilated the technology, improved on it, and used it to enter the US market, taking substantial market share away from RCA. TURNKEY CONTRACTING This refers to an arrangement where the focal firm or a consortium of firms plans, finances, organizes, manages, and implements all phases of a project abroad and then hands it over to a foreign customer after training local personnel. Turnkey projects are most common in the chemical, pharmaceutical, petroleum refining, and metal refining industries, all of which use complex, expensive production technologies. For example, many Western firms that sold oil-refining technology to firms in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and other gulf states now find themselves competing with these firms in the world oil market. FRANCHISING Franchising is an advanced form of licensing in which the focal firm allows an entrepreneur the right to use an entire business system in exchange for compensation. The franchisor will often assist the franchisee to run the business on an on going basis. McDonalds is a good example of a firm that has grown by using franchising strategy. McDonalds strict rules as to how franchises should operate a restaurant extend to control over the menu, cooking methods, staffing policies and design and location. McDonalds also organizes the supply chain for its franchises and provides management training and financial assistance. Another example is the curves fitness center which was ranked the number two franchise in 2004 by the entrepreneur magazine. . DIVERSIFICATION Diversification is the name given to the growth strategy where a business markets new products to new markets. This has the advantage of preventing the company from relying too much on its existing strategic business units. Diversification might be chosen for a variety of reasons, some more value creating than others. Potential value creating reasons for diversification areas follows. Efficiency gains can be made by applying the organizations existing resources or capabilities to new markets and products or services. These are often referred to as economies of scope. Stretching corporate parenting capabilities into new markets and products or services can be another source of gain. In a sense, this extends to a point above about applying existing competences in new areas. Increasing marketing power can result from having a diverse range of businesses. There are two types of diversification these are related diversification and unrelated diversification. RELATED DIVERSIFICATION This is when a company develops beyond its present product and market whilst remaining in the same area. This form of diversification can occur by: Backward diversification, when activities related to inputs in the business are developed further backing the value chain. Forward diversification, when activities are further forward in the value chain. Horizontal diversification, when a company develops interests complementary to its current activities. An example, internet search company Google has spread horizontally into news mages and maps and other services. UNRELATED DIVERSIFICATION This is used to describe a company moving beyond its present interests, that is, it moves beyond its current capabilities and value network. Unrelated diversification is often referred to as a conglomerate strategy because there are no obvious economies of scope between the different businesses. Examples of unrelated diversification include: the easy Group which consists of easy Jet, easy internet cafà ©, easy car, easyValue.com and easy.com. Virgin media which moved from music producing to travels and mobile phones. Walt Disney which moved from producing animated movies to theme parks and vacation properties. The typical risks of diversification include It requires a company to acquire new skills , new technologies and new facilities Insufficient know how Insufficient management span of control May require risky acquisitions Loss of brand focus or credibility RECOMMENDATIONS Market penetration is generally the cheapest strategy to adopt. It is the least risky and is especially suitable for small and medium sized firms that may not afford to develop new products and/or enter new markets. Before taking up product development or diversification, a firm should ensure extreme research and development that the new product and/or venture is viable as it is costly to develop new products as new technologies have to be purchased and employees would have to be trained on the new practices. It takes time to be effective. CONCLUSION In conclusion it can be seen that global firms can apply any one of Ansoffs strategies in an attempt to expand and grow be it in their existing markets or new ones, and their current product offering or new ones.

Personal Narrative- Soccer Injury :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Soccer Injury I went into my junior spring soccer season kind of sad, my past coach, wasn't going to be our team coach this year. I wasn't really depressed though, because I had tons of friends that were playing this year. One of the great things about soccer is that it is not a school-sanctioned sport. To me this said that I was able to play another season of soccer with my friends from Paonia and Hotchkiss without the normal High School rivalry between these schools. Year after year, the schools pulled pranks on each other, sometimes nothing big, but sometimes something big. I remember my freshman or sophomore year, when a few guys I knew went over to Paonia and painted their skylight in their commons. When the sun shined into the skylight, it reflected a big HHS onto the floor, talk about a cool prank, but hey they got a free vacation but the school had to pay a ton of money to clean it up. This season wasn't just any season though. We had a new coach, and we were also playing competitive soccer. What was competitive soccer? Well it's a lot different than our normal soccer. Instead of playing the local teams, such as Delta, Cederedge, and Grand Junction, we got to play in huge tournaments and against teams far away from here. The game was also a lot more intense; I remember the first game, against Glenwood's team. It was totally different than anything I have seen, we were getting to play at a college, and against a soon-to-be known rough team. We had started the game, and man these guys were violent. We started to retaliate big time, and my friend's dad was the center referee, John is his name. I sure would have hated to be in his shoe, that's for sure. It didn't even phase me how crazy soccer was this year until one of the Glenwood players spit at our coach's feet, and got tossed from the game. We soon learned to live with this violence, and we even participated in it more than anyone would probably admit to. But after all of the beat downs we had received from the other teams, we were finally going to go to a big tournament, the Durango Shootout.

Essay --

Krista Letz Ms. Crawford English 101 2 Nov. 2013 Prevention of Teen Aggression: Childhood Language and Social Skills Aggression displayed by teens could be prevented at a younger age by parents or teachers. Teaching children how to use words instead of violence or enrolling children in programs that focus on eliminating anti-social behavior may prevent aggression in adolescence. Sixty percent of children who had conduct disorders at age two were still aggressive at five and six years old; and about one-third of aggressive five year olds were still aggressive at age fourteen (Shaw 493). A study by Moffit similarly displayed that eighty-six percent of children who had conduct disorders at age seven, were still displaying the same behaviors at fifteen (qtd. in Dionne). Teaching functional communication and social skills to young children with behavioral problems may prevent aggression in their teen years. Poor communication skills cause students to use violence to vent their frustration. Many young children demonstrate aggression when they are not understood by adults or peers. This aggression will continue as children get older if parents and educators do not teach children how to communicate effectively by using language instead of violence. Children with immature forms of language are more likely to display physical aggression than children with more extensive language skills (Piel 100). Child therapists may argue that verbal communication training cannot always be effective in reducing aggression, and this result can be true in some children; however, in a study by Durand and Carr, establishing functional communication skills was found to be the only solution to reducing problem behaviors (qtd. in Piel 106). Traini... ...ss the country today. Works Cited Dionne, Ginette, Richard E. Tremblay, Michel Boivin, David Laplante, and Daniel Perusse. "Language Delays and Physical Aggression." Breaking the Cycle of Violence. Bulletin of the Centre of Excellence for +96Early Childhood Development, n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. Piel, J.A. "Unmasking Sex and Social Class Differences in Childhood Aggression: The Case for Language Maturity." Journal of Educational Research, n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. Shaw. "Developmental Theories of Parental Contributors to Antisocial Behavior." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1993. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. "The Development of Aggressive Behavior in Children and Young People: Implications for Social Policy, Service Provision and Further Research." Research Centre. NSW Government, n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2013 Essay -- Krista Letz Ms. Crawford English 101 2 Nov. 2013 Prevention of Teen Aggression: Childhood Language and Social Skills Aggression displayed by teens could be prevented at a younger age by parents or teachers. Teaching children how to use words instead of violence or enrolling children in programs that focus on eliminating anti-social behavior may prevent aggression in adolescence. Sixty percent of children who had conduct disorders at age two were still aggressive at five and six years old; and about one-third of aggressive five year olds were still aggressive at age fourteen (Shaw 493). A study by Moffit similarly displayed that eighty-six percent of children who had conduct disorders at age seven, were still displaying the same behaviors at fifteen (qtd. in Dionne). Teaching functional communication and social skills to young children with behavioral problems may prevent aggression in their teen years. Poor communication skills cause students to use violence to vent their frustration. Many young children demonstrate aggression when they are not understood by adults or peers. This aggression will continue as children get older if parents and educators do not teach children how to communicate effectively by using language instead of violence. Children with immature forms of language are more likely to display physical aggression than children with more extensive language skills (Piel 100). Child therapists may argue that verbal communication training cannot always be effective in reducing aggression, and this result can be true in some children; however, in a study by Durand and Carr, establishing functional communication skills was found to be the only solution to reducing problem behaviors (qtd. in Piel 106). Traini... ...ss the country today. Works Cited Dionne, Ginette, Richard E. Tremblay, Michel Boivin, David Laplante, and Daniel Perusse. "Language Delays and Physical Aggression." Breaking the Cycle of Violence. Bulletin of the Centre of Excellence for +96Early Childhood Development, n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. Piel, J.A. "Unmasking Sex and Social Class Differences in Childhood Aggression: The Case for Language Maturity." Journal of Educational Research, n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. Shaw. "Developmental Theories of Parental Contributors to Antisocial Behavior." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1993. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. "The Development of Aggressive Behavior in Children and Young People: Implications for Social Policy, Service Provision and Further Research." Research Centre. NSW Government, n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2013

Comparing the Loss of Innocence in Cullens Incident and Naylor’s Mommy

Loss of Innocence in Cullen's Incident and Naylor’s Mommy, What Does "Nigger" Mean?    Unfortunately, a question that many African Americans have to ask in childhood is "Mommy, what does nigger mean?," and the answer to this question depicts the racism that still thrives in America (345). Both Gloria Naylor’s "'Mommy, What Does "Nigger" Mean?'" and Countee Cullen's "Incident" demonstrate how a word like "nigger" destroys a child’s innocence and initiates the child into a world of racism.   Though the situations provoking the racial slur differ, the word "nigger" has the same effect on the young Naylor and the child in Cullen’s poem. A racist society devours the white children’s innocence, and, consequently, the white children embody the concept of racism as they consume the innocence of the black children by stereotyping them as "niggers."   The word "nigger" causes the young Naylor and the child in Cullen's poem to begin viewing the world in terms of â€Å"black and white†, and the racial epithet establishes an invisible barrier between the black and the white worlds. Neither child ever indicates the color of the people he/she speaks of. Naylor gives her most in-depth physical description of the child that calls her "nigger" when she recalls that she handed the papers to a little boy in back of me" (344). Naylor’s vague description gives the appearance that the young Naylor sees no important distinctions between the boy and herself. However, the fact that the â€Å"little boy† calls her â€Å"nigger† proves not only that the boy sees a major distinction between himself and Naylor, but also that the boy is white (344).   The child in Countee Cullen’s poem gives a similarly â€Å"color†-less description of the â€Å"Baltimorean† boy as he/she say... ...my grandmother’s living room took a word that whites used to signify worthlessness or degradation and rendered it impotent" (346). In this response to the derogatory term, Naylor’s essay offers a tool to fight racism and a message of hope for the innocent minority children which Cullen’s "Incident" lacks: In the process of socialization in a racist society, a child may lose innocence, but a child may also gain strength and character by rising above any racist stereotypes society applies to him/her. Works Cited Cullen, Countee. "Incident." African-American Literature: A Brief Introduction and Anthology. Ed. Al Young. New York: Harper Collins, 1996. 398. Naylor, Gloria. "Mommy, What Does "Nigger" Mean?" New Worlds of Literature: Writings from America’s Many Cultures, second edition. Eds. Jerome Beatty and J. Paul Hunter. New York: Norton, 1994. 344-47.

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Essay

Alcoholism and drug abuse in the workplace or school can no longer be ignored by employers and institutions as they contribute to poor performances. Excessive use of alcohol and drugs leads to addiction, which is never addressed by most companies leading to a decrease in an employee’s morale. Drug usage and alcoholism may also make an employee behave inappropriately, disrupting a firm’s operations due to too much tension and frustrations. It also affects the relationship between employees and their clients, not forgetting the negative effect it has on the family that ends up changing how a worker performs at his or her place of work. Burroughs explains that, alcoholism causes an employee to miss work due to hangovers, a factor that causes disruptions at the place of work, causing employees to lose a lot of money. Drug abuse and alcohol reduces employee’s ability to concentrate at work, hence the inability to make right decisions. It also causes employees to produce low-quality jobs, lack of motivation and impaired skills. Employees can be laid off from their jobs or face disciplinary actions from their place of work due to alcoholism as most employees can not tolerate poor performance (2003). According to Wells, (2005), employees can assist employees with alcohol and drug addiction in establishing supportive programs such as Employee Assistance Programs. This program will give employees and their family members, referrals to available community resources and activities. Employers can also encourage employees to seek treatment and rehabilitation at the firm’s expense. Recovery will help employees to change as they feel valued by their organization. They will work on changing their behaviors to avoid disappointing the employer. Employees can seek treatment on their own to avoid the risk of losing jobs. In addition, it is important for employees to avoid bad companies that affect their behaviors’ and encourage the use of drugs and alcohol. It is important for employees to associate with non-alcoholics, to help them reduce bad drinking habits. References Walls, J. (2005). ‘The Glass Castle’, 2nd Edition, Scribner: New Jersey. Burroughs, A. (2003). ‘Dry’. 1st edition, St. Martins Press: New York. Source document

Indian Economy: Adopting New Approach Essay

After independence, India chartered a path of economic development based on mixed economy, building a new industrial structure around the public sector and a closely monitored, regulated and controlled system where government played the role of licenser in the process of building industry. There were few hiccups in between. In the late 70s Mrs. Indira Gandhi brought in small doses of liberalization. In the mid 80? s Rajiv Gandhi did likewise but the real change came in 1991 when economic crises were looming large on the horizon. India’s economy could be termed as a developing economy which is characterized by the coexistence, in greater or lesser degree, of utilized or unutilized manpower on the one hand and of unexploited and exploited natural resources on the other. A developing economy bears the common features of technological backwardness at low per capita income coupled by widespread poverty, heavy population pressure, low grade productivity, high unemployment, low level utilization of country’s natural resources, rigid social structure, predominance of old beliefs, lack of opportunity for capital formation, pre-dominance of agriculture and scanty participation in international trade etc. But all this is amidst a possibility of economic development, small pockets of high rates of economic growth and affluence. It is gain saying truth what the world economy has experienced that colonization directly lead to the exploitation of the colonized country by the colonial rulers. Colonization is also a factor for the underdevelopment of a country’s economy. India was a victim of the colonial feature of economic exploitation for more than hundred years. The British colonial exploitation in India can be broadly divided in three periods. They are (i) the period of merchandised capital, (ii) the period of industrial capital which leads to the drain of Indian wealth for the interest of British industry and (iii) the period of financial capital. During British period foreign capital flowed into India. However in real terms those capitals were not according to the proper needs of Indians and directly helped the capital growth of Britishers. The overall impact of British rule in Indian economy can be summed up as stagnation of per capita income ever a long period of time, high priority to the traditional method of agricultural activities, repeated famines and acute poverty of handicrafts and traditional village industries defective land holding and erroneous implemen tation of zamindari practices etc. The basic aim of British administration in India was to transform Indian subcontinent as a consumer market for British furnished goods, Technological up gradation and development of infrastructure as well as social infrastructure were negligible. During the independence Indian economy had almost all the features of an underdeveloped economy. In the last fifty years of self-rule, a lot of policy initiative has been taken up by the government of India to upgrade the economic base of the country. Still Indian economy is gripped by poverty, population explosion, backwardness both in agriculture and industry, low grade technological development, high unemployment and wide difference between the high and low income levels. Now in India incidence of poverty is coexisting with sophisticated nuclear technology. The policy measures taken within the last five decades metamorphosed Indian economy to break the stagnant per capita income to achieve self sufficiency in food grain production. Indian economy is a unique blend of public and private sector otherwise known as a mixed economy. It is also a dualistic economy both modern industry and traditional agricultural activities exist side by side. The mandatory economic rights which the Constitution promises are (i) equality of opportunity unemployment or appointment to any office irrespective of race, caste and sex, (ii) all the citizens of India shall have property or carry on any occupation, trade or business, (iii) right to acquire private property by the state with compensation paid under the procedure established by law, iv) ban on begging, child labour and trafficking of human beings. The federal economic structure of India includes the central government and the state government within a unitary system. Demarcations of responsibilities are divided between the central and state governments. However, the residuary power is vested with the central government. Besides finance commission, other economic commissions are set up by the central government time to time to look after the parity of resources distribution among the states. Annual budgets (both general and railway) and five year plans aye the backbone of India’s economic policy initiatives. Indian Economy since Independence-After India’s independence long spell of stagnation was broken with the introduction of economic planning. Since 1950s net national product at factor cost had arisen from Rs. 40,454 crore to 11,224 crores in 1999-2000. The growth of national income was 3. 8 percent. India’s per capita income has been running since 1950-51. India’s per capita income at current price was Rs. 160, 47. Apart from the growth in quantitative terms, there have been significant changes in India’s economic structure since independence. During the second plan priority was acceded to capital intensive manufacturing units. These industries now account for more than fifty percent of the industrialproduction. The transport system in India over the past four decades has grown both in terms of capacity and modernization. Then road network is one of the largest in the world as a result of spectacular development of roads under various lanes. The total road length comprising national high ways state high ways and other road accounted for 24. 66 lakhs km in 1996-97 progress of shipping, railways and civil aviation has equally been impressive. Though the country is presently facing an energy crisis but this sector has also gained much in termsof production. Similarly irrigation facilities in the country have increased raising irrigated area. Since independence significant reformation has taken place in the banking and financial sector ofIndia. The process of nationalization was initiated after independence. First the Reserve Bank was nationalized in 1949, thereafter in 1995 the Imperial Bank of India, a leading commercial bank of that time, was nationalized and renamed the State Bank of India. In 1969 fourteen big commercial banks were nationalized. This act of government undermined thecontrol of big capitalists on the finance capital. From the above argument we can conclude that the Indian economy is no longer caught in low levelequilibrium trap.

Agriculture to economic

Agriculture is central to economic growth and development in Pakistan. Being the dominant sector it contributes 21. 4 percent to GDP, employs 45 percent of the country’s labour force and contributes in the growth of other sectors of the economy. During 2012-13, agriculture sector exhibited a growth of 3. 3 percent on the back of positive growth in agriculture related sub sectors, Crops grew at 3. 2 percent, Livestock 3. 7 percent, Forestry 0. 1 percent and Fishing 0. 7 percent. The agriculture subsector component which includes important crops other percent respectively.As the performance of agriculture sector dependent upon weather condition, timely availability of input (water). During 2012-13 weather condition and water situation has an impact on these Kharif crops that paved the way for decrease in output of rice and cotton crops. Agriculture growth percentages (Base=2005-06): Other crops that contributed 12. 3 percent value addition in agriculture witnessed a positive gro wth of 6. 7 percent in 2012-13 against negative growth of 7. 7 percent during the same period last year. The cotton ginning under new base 2005-06 has been included in agriculture value addition showed a negative growth of 2.9 percent in 2012-13 against the positive growth of 13. 8 percent during the same period last year. The Livestock sector which has a 55. 4 percent share in the agriculture grew by 3. 7 percent in 2012-13. The Fishing sector grew by 0. 7 percent as against last year’s positive growth of 3. 8 percent. Forestry sector posted a nominal growth of 0. 1 percent this year as compared to positive growth of 1. 7 percent last year. Pakistan has two crop seasons, â€Å"Kharif† being the first sowing season starting from April-June and harvested during October December. Rice, sugarcane, cotton, maize, moong, mash, bajra and jowar are â€Å"Kharif† crops.â€Å"Rabi†, the second sowing season, begins as on October-December and is harvested in April- May. Wheat, gram, lentil (masoor), tobacco, rapeseed, barley and mustard are â€Å"Rabi† crops. The crops performance is dependent upon timely availability of irrigation water. During 2012-13, the availability of water as an essential input for Kharif 2012 was 14 percent less than the normal supplies but to compare with Kharif 2011, it was 4. 4 percent less. The water availability during Rabi season 2012-13 was estimated 31. 9 MAF, which was 12. 4 percent less than the normal availability, but 8. 5 percent higher than last year’s Rabi crop Crop situation:Important croops, such as wheat, rice, maize, cotton and sugarcane account for 25. 2 percent of the value added in overall agriculture and 5. 4 percent to GDP. The other crops account for the 12. 3 percent of the value added in overall agriculture. Live stock contributes 55. 4% to agriculture value added much more then the combine contribution of important and other crops. ( 37. 6%). The production performance of impor tant crops is given in table. a. Important crops: i) Cotton: Pakistan economy depends heavily on cotton crop significantly contribute by providing raw material to the textile industry, such as cotton lint as an export item.It account for 7. 0% of value added in agriculture and 1. 5% of GDP. During 2012-13 the crops was on area of 2879 thousand heacters, 1. 6% more then last year(2835 thousand heacters). The production of 13. 0 million bales during the period2012-13 against the target of 14. 5 million bales resulted in decline of 13. 0% against the target and decrease of 4. 2 percent over the preceding year production which was 13. 6 million bales. Mild attack of Thrips, white fly and cotton leaf curl virus (CLCV) adversely effected the production of cotton boll which effected the production and yield per heacter as compare to last year.ii)Sugarcane: Sugarcane crops occupies an important position in national economy in order to drive the large sugar industry. It also provide the mate rial to clipboard, paper and ethanol. It share in value added in agriculture and GDP is 3. 2 and 0. 7% respectively. Sugarcane crops was cultivated on an area of 1124 thousand hecters,6. 2% more then last year’s area of area of 1058 thousand hecters. The main factor contributed to higher production where more area brought under cultivation due to economic return received by the grower, good management of crops and application of balance doze of inputs. iii)Rice:Rice is an important cash crop of coutry. Rice production comprises 40 percent of Basmati (Fine) type and 60% of coarse types. Rice ranks as second amongst the staple food grain crop in Pakistan and it has been a major source of foreign exchange earnings in recent years. Pakistan grows a high quality of rice to fulfil the domestic demand and also for exports. Rice accounts 2. 7 percent of the value added in agriculture and 0. 6 percent of GDP. iv) Wheat: Wheat is an essential diet of population and occupies a central p osition in agriculture polices of the government. The government announced wheat support price of R.s 1200 which created interest on the part of farming community. Wheat contributes 10. 1% to the value added in agriculture and 2. 2% to GDP. Area under wheat increased to 8693 thousand hecter in 2012-13 from 8650 thousand hecters showing an increase of 0. 5% over lats year’s area. Other crops: During 2012-2013,the production of Gram, the largest Rabi pulses crop in Pakistan, stood at 673 thousand tones, against 284 thousand tones of last year, showing an increase of about 137. 0 percent due to increase in area and favorable weather condition, while production of bajra increased 2. 0 percent.This is in contrast to other crops like jawar, Rapeseed & Mustard, Barley and tobacco showed an decline in production of 10. 9 percent, 6. 7 percent, 6. 0 percent and 1. 0 percent, respectively, in 2012-13 as compared to the corresponding period last year. Oilseed: The major oilseed crops i nclude cottonseed, sunflower, canola and rapeseed / mustard. Although the cotton crop is grown for its lint, cottonseed contributes 50 to 60 percent to local edible oil production. During the year 2011-12, the total availability of edible oil was 2. 748 million tonnes. Local production of edible oil is remained 0.636 million tonnes while imports were 2. 148 million tonnes. The import bill during 2011-12 stood at Rs. 216. 4 billion (US$ 2. 426 billion). During the year 2012-13 (July-March), 1. 738 million tonnes of edible oil valued at Rs. 153. 3 billion (US$ 1. 595 billion) has been imported. The local production during 2012-13 (July-March) was 0. 612 million tonnes. Total availability of edible oil from all sources is provisionally estimated at 2. 35 million tonnes during 2012-13 (July-March). II. Farm Inputs: i) Fertilizer: Fertilizer is the most important and expensive input.Contribution of balanced fertilization towards increased yield is from 30 to 50 percent in different crop production regions of the country. One kg of fertilizer nutrient produces about 8 kg of cereals (wheat, maize and rice), 2. 5 kg of cotton and 114 kg of stripped sugarcane. Almost hundred percent soils in Pakistan are deficient in nitrogen, 80 to 90 percent are deficient in phosphorus and 30 percent in potassium. Wide spread deficiency of micronutrients are also appearing in different areas. Soil fertility is continuously depleting due to mining of essential plant nutrients from the soils under intensive cultivation. ii) Improved seed:Quality seed plays a pivotal role in boosting agricultural production both in market oriented and subsistence farming system. Seed has the unique position among various agricultural inputs because the effectiveness of all other inputs mainly depends on the potential of the seeds. Seed is a high technology product and is an innovation most readily adapted. Improving access to good quality of seed is a critical requirement for sustainable agricultural gr owth and food security. Effective use of improved/certified seed can result in higher agricultural production and increases the net income which has a positive impact on rural development.Hence, availability of quality seed of improved varieties is essential to achieve the production targets. iii) Mechanization: Mechanization of agriculture plays an important role in increasing agricultural production. Mechanization of agriculture is crucial to achieve self sufficiency and surpluses through increasing productivity and reducing pre and post harvest losses. The government is making all efforts to modernize its agriculture and its allied fields more efficiently and productively. The use of efficient and quality farm machinery and equipment play an important role in the sowing and harvesting of agriculture crops.During July-March 2012-13 a total number of 36121 tractors were produced in the country, showing an increase of 34. 6 percent as compared to 26840tractors produced during the sa me period last year. iv) Irrigation: Water is an important input to achieve the agriculture growth and is considered to be the lifeline of agriculture activities. Pakistan has a good irrigation canal network but temperatures and rainfalls during sowing and harvesting season has its own unique importance. III. Livestock and Poultry: a) Livestock:The livestock sector occupies a unique position in the National Agenda of economic development . The sector provides net source of foreign earnings. Historically livestock has been dominated by small holders to meet their needs of milk, food security and cash income on daily basis. Moreover, livestock is considered a source of employment generation at rural level, helping to reduce income variability. It is central to the livelihood of the rural poor in the country and can play an important role in poverty alleviation and keep in uplifting the socio-economic condition of our rural masses.b) Poultry: Poultry sector is one of the most organized and vibrant segments of the agriculture industry of Pakistan. This sector generates employment (direct/indirect) and income for about 1. 5 million people. Its contribution in agriculture is 5. 76 percent, livestock 10. 4 percent and in GDP at constant cost factor 1. 2 percent. Poultry meat contributes 26. 8 percent of the total meat production in the country. Poultry sector has shown a robust growth @ 7-8 percent annually which reflects its inherent potential. The poultry value added at constant cost factor has increased from Rs.113465 million (2011-12) to Rs. 121726 million (2012-13) showing an increase of 7. 3 percent as compared to previous year. Fisheries: Fishery plays an important role in Pakistan’s economy and is considered to be a source of livelihood for the coastal inhabitants. A part from marine fisheries, inland fisheries (based in rivers, lakes, ponds, dams etc. ) is also very important activity throughout the country. Fisheries share in the GDP although very li ttle but it adds substantially to the national income through export earnings. During (July-March), 2012-13 a total of 103,822 m.tonnes of fish and fishery products were exported earning US $ 232. 4 million against a total of 90,087 m. tonnes of fish and fishery products were exported earning US $ 222. 6 million corresponding period last year showing an increase of 15. 3 percent and 4. 4 percent respectively. Future Plans: Consequent upon 18th Constitutional Amendment, the animal health and production subject have been future policy priorities therefore revolve around the following strategies. Encouraging Public Private Partnership led development with government providing enabling environment. National economic growth.Encouraging livestock sector role and using as tool for poverty alleviation & food security. Enhance foreign exchange earnings through exports of livestock products with focus on halal food market. future policy priorities therefore revolve around the following strate gies. Encouraging Public Private Partnership led development with government providing enabling environment. National economic growth. Encouraging livestock sector role and using as tool for poverty alleviation & food security. Enhance foreign exchange earnings through exports of livestock products with focus on halal food market.