Is Man Naturally Good or Evil? Philosophy of Man University of Santo Tomas Essay

I. Summary All men are equal by nature, are we not? We all have the same faculties, all needing the same provisions. From this equality and needs comes the survival of the fittest. One could go to any length just to attain his ends, ends such as dominion over the majority. Now, dominance can only exist if there are people you can dominate on. If one feels that his companion is a threat, there is a possibility of him subduing this companion, or maybe looking for another company he could dominate over. The existence of these competitions could be attributed to the principle that man is inherently evil. With these competitions, comes diffidence and glory. Man is constantly in pursuit of these three, whether we are aware of it or not. Man exists in the external world as a reactive creature that senses objects and is driven to act by the constant motions of the world. These constant motions lead to man’s constant and insatiable desires and wants, which in a state of nature pits everyone against another in a perpetual state of war. Here men are equal in that anyone can kill anyone else, and as such men live in a constant state of fear and anxiety. Humans live to survive. This goes way back to our very beginnings as cave people who, would hunt and do anything to live and keep on living. Now, living consists of more than just eating and not being killed. There are ones that live in the lap of luxury, and ones that live with much lower standards. As so, selfishness also has different levels depending upon lifestyle and what makes you ‘live’. So, technically, selfishness is something that we as humans are born with, but it’s perceived differently usually depending upon how the person was brought up as a child or has learned over time. However, overtime, it can be proven that everything we do will always lead back to one point: We do it for ourselves. Man is basically good since it is a fact that man is a social animal whose existence depends on the continued physical and spiritual relations between human beings, these relations must be based either on affinity, solidarity and love, or on hostility and struggle. If each individual thinks only of his well-being, or perhaps that of his small consanguinity or territorial group, he will obviously find himself in conflict with others, and will emerge as victor or vanquished; as the oppressor if he wins, as the oppressed if he loses. Natural harmony, the natural marriage of the good of each with that of all, is the invention of human laziness, which rather than struggle to achieve what it wants assumes that it will be achieved spontaneously, by natural law. In reality, however, natural Man is in a state of continuous conflict with his fellows in his quest for the best, and healthiest site, the most fertile land, and in time, to exploit the many and varied opportunities that social life creates for some or for others. For this reason human history is full of violence, wars, carnage (besides the ruthless exploitation of the labour of others) and innumerable tyrannies and slavery. If in the human essence there had only existed this punitive instinct of wanting to prevail and to profit at the expense of others, humanity would have remained in its barbaric state and the development of order as recorded in antiquity, or in our own times, would not have been possible. This order even at its nastiest, always signifies a kind of mitigating of the despotic spirit with a minimum of social solidarity, indispensable for a more civilised life. But fortuitously there exists in man another feeling which lures him closer to his neighbour, the feeling of sympathy, of love, and, thanks to it, mankind became more civilised, and from it grew our idea which aims at making society a true gathering, all working for the common good. Reaction The topic of human nature has been debated over for years, maybe even centuries. Who wouldn’t be tempted to wonder about the logic of human behaviour? Nonetheless, the bigger question is: Is the answer a sheer ‘good’ or ‘evil’? If your answer to that is a yes, then I beg to disagree. Experiences have pushed me to the conclusion that there is no such thing as good or evil. This notion is a meagre attempt to the conception of the underpinning of an organization. We are all different; we would cease to exist otherwise. People have diverse everything: perspectives, habits, feelings, senses, and methods. God made us so. Each of us has functions vital to each society we belong in. The loss of one function would create a ripple effect that would spread all over the society that could bring it to its demise. . The good and evil that you see don’t even exist in reality, at least outside of the mind that believes in them. They are only judgments passed by the individual from their own unique perspective. What one person sees as bad or evil may seem to be the only logical thing to do from some other perspective. The ideas of both good and evil are point of view specific. To sum it all up good is the name we give to people who do things that we think we like. Evil is the name we give to people who do the things that we don’t like. This is of course based solely on our particular point of view. This ‘Good and Evil’ concept DOES NOT EXIST. It is merely an illusion. What people have is what we should call ‘diverse perceptions’. I don’t think we have to the right to judge a person ‘evil’ especially if we do not know their story. After all, we are mere human beings giving our best shot at survival.

Owning a Small Business Essay

1.Sole proprietorship – Provide an example of a sole proprietorship in your town or community. What might be some advantages to owning this business? What are some of the biggest challenges that the owner likely faces? †¢Subway is the business that is a sole proprietorship in my town. The advantages of owning this business would be I is a low cost to start the business up and it is continually ranked the number one Franchise. The owner likely faces running out of the topping they use to make the sandwiches with or not having enough dough for the bread. 2.Partnership – Provide an example of a partnership in your town or community. What are the advantages to this form of business organization? What might be some challenges of being a partner in a partnership? †¢Keller Williams is the business that is the partnership that is in my town. The advantages of owning a real estate business like Keller Williams would be the business could be one of the largest real estate franchise companies in the United States. The company will also keep growing with the more houses you sell and rent to people. The company also provides specialized agents in luxury homes and commercial real estate properties. Some challenges could be that your partner isn’t a good partner and hides things from you or that they just want to do things on their own and ruin the business that you guys own together. 3.Corporation – Provide an example of a corporation. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this form of business? How do the challenges compare to those of sole proprietorships and partnerships? †¢Summit Mountain is the corporation that is located in the town that I live in. The advantages of owning a business like this is that you get to live in the snow and you also get the snowboard ski and mountain bike for free. You also get the most beautiful views in Big Bear. You also get the chance to meet all kinds of people from all around the world. All the states and different cultures. The advantages of owning a business like this is that you get offered self-employment tax savings have a continuous life, limited liability, more money for investment and it also makes raising money easier. The disadvantages are extensive paperwork, double taxation, two tax returns, the size of the business, possible conflict with stockholders and board of directors. References †¢http://www.subway.com/subwayroot/Own_a_Franchise/default.aspx †¢http://www.kw.com/kw/aboutus.html †¢http://www.pe.com/local-news/local-news-headlines/20130705-big-bear-snow-summit-is-on-the-market.ece †¢http://www.legalzoom.com/incorporation-guide/reasons-to-form-corporation.html †¢http://faculty.valenciacollege.edu/srusso/ch5.htm

Current and Projected Situation in Bosnia- Herzegovina Essay

Current and Projected Situation in Bosnia- Herzegovina - Essay Example The armed conflict in Bosnia between 1992 and 1995 is rather long and arduous to explain, but an attempt will be made here. Basically, Serbians were funding their own armed forces, which the Croats were doing as well. Bosnian government forces were also involved. The three opposing sides switched loyalties several times during the course of the war. Since friction had been brewing for a long time in the area, there was much unrest over whether this conflict could be considered a civil war or not. Research suggests that there were at least 100,000 people who were killed. Not only this, but there were almost 2 million people who were displaced as a cause of this war. The casualties that were recorded by percentages included Bosniaks, or Bosnian Muslims, at roughly 65%. Serbs constituted about a fourth of those killed, while Croats only represented about 10% of those killed. Obviously, the Muslims were those who were most affected. Systematic rape was common, which happened to several thousand people, a third of whom were women and children. According to intelligence figures, an almost overwhelming majority of the war crimes committed in this conflict were done by Serbian people. Genocide was committed both by the Serbs and the Croats, while Bosniaks were charged with the lesser crime of breaking rules in the Geneva Convention. The war in Bosnia started as a result of the disintegration of the Republic of Yugoslavia. Slobodan MiloÃ… ¡ević, who was elected President of Serbia in 1989, was originally born in Yugoslavia. He is widely thought to have incited violence through the proffering of Serbian nationalism. However, at the ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia), it was often debated as to what crimes he should have been prosecuted for, as it was argued by some writers and reporters that he hadn't really had as significant a role in the war as some people argued. Some people argued that Miloevi was a butcher, that he incited the wars that were in Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, and the disputed territory of Kosovo. Others yet claim that Miloevi did not do anything more wrong than some of the other people at fault for similar crimes in the Bosnian War. This is what is going to be analyzed forthwith, is what the roles of each ethnic group in the conflict were. Obviously, they probably would change several times during the course of the war. It is also obvious that this war was filled with genocide. Although Noam Chomsky wrote a scathing report about people who are "worthy victims" and

Evaluating Vision And Mission Statements At Harley-Davidson Essay

Evaluating Vision And Mission Statements At Harley-Davidson - Essay Example As the discussion stresses  the statement falls short of describing the geographical territory of operations but mentions that the organization offers its products/services in selected market segments. The third characteristic of unique benefits/features/advantages offered is also present as the mission statement declares that Harley-Davidson fulfills dreams through the experience of motorcycling.  From this paper it is clear that the mission statement mentions ‘an expanding line of motorcycles and branded products’ alluding to the characteristics of technology used in production/distribution and fundamental concern for survival through growth and profitability.   It is however important to mention that there is no specific information on the technology used by the organization. Likewise, the growth and profitability plans have not been explicitly stated. The mission statement of Harley-Davidson does not specify the values and beliefs and therefore does not bring o ut the managerial philosophy of the organization. The characteristics of public image sought and self concept are also conspicuous by their absence in Harley-Davidson’s mission statement.  Harley-Davidson’s vision statement is lengthy and difficult to remember by heart so it does not possess the first characteristics of being brief. The achievement of the aspirations can be verified by checking the annual reports, sustainability reports, website and press releases of the organization.   

Nuero physiotherapy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nuero physiotherapy - Assignment Example Stroke is known to be one of the worst causes of disability and death all over the world. Ischemic stroke contributes to more than 87 percent of all the strokes (Amarenco et al. 2012). Stroke easily leads older people to death within a very short time; research shows that 8 to 12 percent of adults aged between 45 and 64 years die within 30 days of transient ischemic attack. George’s case is a perfect description of an adult who has suffered a stroke that has lasted for more than one hour without medical attention. The amount of time that the patient lasted without medical attention may have been more than one hour since the only person who could have helped him had been away for most part of the day. Various things occur to patients who suffer ischemic stroke within the first hour leading to neurological problems and even death. During the first hour, a section of the brain usually faces threats of death. The infarct core might be highly ischemic and may certainly die, but tissue with a shortfall of blood provision is also poised on a knife-edge between recovery and death. At this state, metabolic factors and hemodynamics are essential (Bath & Lees 2000). Clinical symptoms exhibited by George are due to a stroke that he has undergone. It is more likely that he suffered from ischemia, which causes more than 85% of strokes, or hemorrhage, which accounts for the remaining 15%, after diagnosis rules out subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hemorrhage leads to direct neuronal injury and adjacent ischemia due to the pressure effect it develops. Primary ischemia occurs because of an embolism or atherothrombotic occlusion. The normal sources of embolism in an individual are the left atrium in cases where there is atrial fibrillation or left ventricle in cases where there is heart failure or myocardial infarction. Occlusion of vessels occurs because of atherosclerosis, in the internal parts of the carotid artery, which is simply next to the carotid bifurcation,

Referencing Skills and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Referencing Skills and Ethics - Essay Example Sloman(2010) has pointed out that "Oligopoly occurs when just a few firms between them share a large proportion of industry"(Sloman, 2010, p.135). It is evident from the above definitions that in oligopoly market conditions, the firms are interdependent and hence the decisions taken by one firm about the price and output of their product may affect other firms in the oligopoly setup. OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) is one best example for oligopoly. On the other hand, monopoly is a market condition in which a person or an enterprise has sufficient control over a particular market, service or product. For example Microsoft has immense control over the operating system market all over the world and they control around 90% of the OS market worldwide. In other words they have monopolized the OS market and they can determine the price of their product without considering the factors like competition. This paper briefly compares oligopoly with monopoly Firstly, an oligopoly maximizes profits by producing where marginal revenue equals marginal costs (Ison and Wall, 2007, p.150). Moreover, Riley (2006) has mentioned that barriers to entry are high in oligopoly market and â€Å"the dominant firms in the long run would maintain supernormal profits† (Riley, 2006). It is possible for small firms to operate in the proximity of the oligopolistic market, but none of them would be able to make any impacts on the market price and output. On the other hand, in a monopolistic market, it is impossible for small firms to operate because of the total supremacy of the monopolistic firm in the market. Consider the case of Microsoft. No other firms, big or small, so far able to compete with Microsoft because of the absolute monopoly enjoying by Microsoft. Negbennebor & Willis (2001) has pointed out that â€Å"there are many barriers to entry in oligopoly market such as economies of scale, patents, access to

Internal Capabilities of a Company - Strategic Management Essay

Internal Capabilities of a Company - Strategic Management - Essay Example Introduction Marks & Spencer is a globally reputed retailer based in UK. It is one of the many well established retailers in the UK area with over 21 million people visiting the regional stores of Marks and Spencer on a weekly basis. The unique selling proposition or the USP of Marks & Spencer stores are that they offer products which are high on style and also have a high quality. The chain, in an effort to maintain quality, sources the products, mainly foods from a global pool of huge number of suppliers, approximately 2000 in number. As of today’s status, Marks and Spencer has presence all over the globe with an impressive store count of 700. In the UK market, Marks & Spencer is the leading player for women clothing and accessories. The clothing segment sales generally accounts for around 49% of the business handled by Marks and Spencer, while the remaining 51% is generated from the food segment, which comprises of a wide range of products ranging from farm fresh organic pr oduce to partly and fully prepared and packed meals (Marks & Spencer 2012). In an effort to play a leading role in the worldwide green initiative, the chain is focusing on reducing wastage that is generated from handling and packaging of food items (Marks & Spencer-a 2012). Analysis and Findings The analysis and findings would hint on analyzing the internal environment of the business based on two specific models-the SWOT Matrix and the Value Chain Analysis study. Internal Environment Analysis SWOT Analysis Strengths Brand Identity: The most important strength of the retail chain Marks & Spencer is its brand identity. It is the single most supreme asset that the retail chain possesses in the current times. As an effort, to develop the brand further in the UK market, and as an effort to build customer recall for the brand, the brand invested heavily in a branding program in the late 2010. Named as ‘Only At Your M&S’, the branding program highlighted the highly innovative and quality products offered by Marks & Spencer to its customers all the time, by keeping pace with the changing patterns of the retail industry and its related products. As an upshot to this marketing response, the consumers gave a massive positive response, leading to boosting of sales in the year 2011 (Marks & Spencer 2011). Clothing Segment: Marks & Spencer is leading the UK market in the clothing sector and has also successfully increased their market share as compared to the previous year. The increase in market share was attributed to the offering of quality products with respect to the current trend and customer choice. Clothing Segment: In an effort to serve the consumers better, the clothing segment is reorganizing itself by segmenting the stores, with regards to the local demographics. In future, this strategy will generate a positive response among the consumers, as the retail chain is focusing on providing the optimal and exact product mix as desired by consumers of va rious locations, and thereby increasing customer convenience and customer satisfaction. Food Segment: Better waste management in the food division, has helped the retail chain to reduce the cost of its products, while at the same time providing better margins on its food products (Marks & Spencer

Karachaganak Petroleum Operating Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Karachaganak Petroleum Operating - Case Study Example The agreement was signed for a period of 40 years. The key business area with respect to KPO B.V., Kazakhstan is it Information Technology equipment. The company is strong in its IT equipment which it uses to run its daily operations. The unit holds around 1.2 billion tones of oil and condensate and also 1.35 trillion cubic meters of gas. The major advantage with the plant is that there is a good amount of income being generated to both the national and local economies. Additionally, the plant is also providing long-term employment to almost 80% people of Kazakhstan. The field covers an area of almost 280 square kilometers. The Mission Statement of the Procurement Department at KPO B.V. is - to provide cost effective and efficient service to all Company User groups for the procurement of goods and services. In providing this service the Department maximizes the practical use of commercial competitions to achieve the best overall economic solution consistent with the User Departments requirements. The structure of the Procurement Department at KPO B.V. is as follows: -Vendor Development and Qualification (VNDQ) - The main objective for the existence of this department is to handle all sorts of issues related to the qualification of vendors and contractors whom it feels are potential for the Approved Vendors List and at the same time contribute in developing the local supply sources. -Procurement - The major responsibility of the Procurement department is to manage the activities of procurement that are associated with the field operations. The department is also needed to supervise the wide range of procurement right from goods to the corporate services. -Contracts - Contracts planning, audit, supervision and all sorts of coordination and administration activities of the major contracts are taken care by this department. -Planning & Reports - This department takes care of all the planning activities like the budget planning, cost control, the formulation of the Standard Term & Conditions of Contract, business methods and systems and the formulation of Departmental procedures. The main focus of the Vendor Development with respect to the operations of KPO B.V. is to make the local companies involve in the provision of the required goods and services of the company. The requirement may be related to all the departments like Production and Maintenance, Engineering and Projects, Infrastructure and Services, Well Operations in which the company wishes to develop local supplier capability for a long-term relationship. Supply Chain Management - An Overview The supply chain can be described as the network, covering the various stages in the provision of products or services to customers. It includes not only manufacturers and suppliers, but also transporters, warehouses, distributors, retailers, etc.

Sir Francis Drake Essay Example for Free

Sir Francis Drake Essay Typically, Francis Drakes life begins with a mystery the date of his birth. 1540 is often mentioned, 1542 has been heard as has been 1538, and other years pop up here and there. Often the given date is based on a portrait which itself is dated and which includes the comment that it shows Drake at a particular age. The only safe conclusion is that he was born around 1540. His place of birth was Tavistock, in Devonshire, along the river Tavy (which eventually empties into the sea near Plymouth). Here his grandparents held a lease on about 180 acres of farmland and made what was probably a reasonably secure living as farmers. Here also Edmund Drake, who became Francis Drakes father, had been born. Some reports state that he was a sailor, but there are records that contradict this, and it seems likely that he too made his living from the land. Edmund Drakes wife, the mother of Francis, was of the Mylwaye family but her first name is unknown. The couple had twelve sons; Francis was the eldest. Papa Edmund had some difficulties, in part because he, not being an eldest son himself, did not inherit the bulk of the Tavistock lease. He also seems to have gotten into some legal trouble, perhaps involving petty crimes. Additionally, there have long been rumors that protestant Edmund was the victim of some sort of religious persecution. In any event, when Francis Drake was still a young boy the family left Tavistock and moved to Kent, nearer the sea, where they lived in the hulk of an old ship and where Edmund made a bare living as a preacher to the sailors of the navy. So, young Francis now was living (and learning) among the ships and seamen that would become the focus of his life. Francis Drake first went to sea sometime in the 1550s, as a young boy apprenticed to the elderly master of a small coastal freighter. He pparently did well both nautically and personally, because the old captain, having no family of his own, willed the little ship to Drake. This marks the beginning of Drakes nautical career, about which this brief sketch will say no more. Drake married Mary Newman, about whom little is known, in 1569 when he was still a young unknown sailor; they had no children and she died twelve years later, leaving the then-newly knighted Sir Francis Drake a widower. In 1585 the now-famous and wealthy Drake married Elizabeth Sydenham, some twenty years his junior, who unlike Mary Newman came from a wealthy and well-connected family. The couple moved into Drakes recently purchased estate, Buckland Abbey (which today is still a major monument to his memory). Again, there were no children. In 1596 Sir Francis Drake was stricken by a tropical disease the bloody flux (perhaps yellow fever) during a less-than-sucessful expedition against the Spanish in the Caribbean. On January 28, on board his flagship Defiance, in the pre-dawn hours and after rising from his sickbed intending to don his armor so that he would die as a soldier, Sir Francis Drake passed quietly from this world. He was buried at sea off Puerto Bello, Panama, in a lead coffin. there is not much known about sir francis drake as much of it was clouded by history and as one often chooses to remember the brighter side of things and not the true details of what happens in the world. the history of sir francis drake is not one to be sure of but the information that has been salvaged is enough to give us a clear picture of him at least and that counts for something. The sir francis drake died in 1569 and was buried at sea in a lead coffin probably to perserve his body as he was a great man in his own right.

Indigenous knowledge Essay Example for Free

Indigenous knowledge Essay The project is the instrument for supporting, collecting and storing indigenous knowledge provided by the diverse community population. As long as the project is aimed at creating neighbourhood portals to store oral, pictorial and other creations of community members (Vancouver Community Network, 2001), the use of this tool will lead to effective sharing and transferring the indigenous knowledge among different community members. Funding issues Funding remains one of the most problematic areas in any non-profit community-based project. (Baum, HS 2001, p. 21) As a result, the current project does not provide the readers with sufficient financial information. It is understandable, that Vancouver Community Network is a stable developing organisation with financial issues professionally addressed (brief information is provided on the system of organization’s revenues, membership fees and similar financial data). (Vancouver Community Network, 2001) It is yet unclear, what the exact resources of project financing would be and how they would comply with the community project requirements. Organizational challenges and dilemmas The major challenge faced by project organisers is in dealing with diverse community populations. Diversity has traditionally been admitted as a serious barrier to the development of technological tools. (Vancouver Community Network, 2001) Though project initiators recognise diversity as one of the organizational issues, there is still vast area of research to be conducted, whether the project will lead to equal access and outcomes for all layers of community population. Traditional and non-traditional project approaches The traditional striving towards provision of the vulnerable communities with the opportunities to learn and interact has been supplemented by the new idea of using Internet to enhance community resources. (Vancouver Community Network, 2001) It has become an essential aspect of the project development. This is why the project is expected to be successful in promoting community interactions, indigenous knowledge transfers, discussions of the local issues and learning opportunities on the equity bases. Conclusion. Despite the fact that the project contains several ‘weak’ aspects to be re-considered, its initial idea will prove to be a success in case the discussed problematic areas are properly addressed. Otherwise, the existing social issues and related problems may become a serious organisational obstacle on the way of project development and implementation. Bibliography Atherton, JS 2005, Learning and teaching: Reflection and reflective practices. Retrieved September 30, 2007 from http://www. learningandteaching. info/learning/reflecti. htm Baum, HS 2001, ‘How should we evaluate community initiatives?’, Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 67, pp. 19-22 Day, P Schuler, D 2004, Community practice in the network society: Local action, global interaction, Routledge, London. Messinger, L 2004, ‘Comprehensive community initiatives’, Social Work, vol. 94, pp. 39-41 Vancouver Community Network 2001, Vancouver Community Learning Network. Retrieved September 30, 2007 from http://www2. vcn. bc. ca/ Wack, P 2006, ‘Planning for sustainability: Creating livable, equitable, and ecological communities’, Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 72, pp. 123-131 \.

Detection and Tracking of Arbitrary Objects in Video

Detection and Tracking of Arbitrary Objects in Video Kleanthis Constantinou Abstract— Detection and tracking of arbitrary objects in video is a technique which detect object and an object tracker follows that object even when the detectable part cannot be seen. The goal to detect an object in video or image is to determine whether there are any defined object in the video and return their locations, for example the object can be individual team members in a video showing sports, and it’s also been useful for the police in hot pursuit of vehicle by detecting the vehicle while moves. In this paper includes an analyses a methodology for detecting and tracking arbitrary objects in videos and documentaries. This work will explain how a moving object can allow deriving and maintaining a dynamic template of each moving objects. INTRODUCTION This paper will examine and analyze the paths followed for the implementation of a system that makes the detection and tracking of an arbitrary object possible. In addition the paper will point out the importance of embedding such a system in surveillance systems enhancing the need of those systems upon collecting cohesive temporal information though such an implementation. Section II will distinguish need for implementing such a system and how it can benefit its host. Section III will be stating the structure and the techniques used to properly manage the events of tracking and detection of an arbitrary object. Section IV will refer to the variety of problems disclosed in detection and tracking systems such as operation interference, while in addition it will state the required precautions that need to take place in order to prevent any operation interference and allow the system to run efficiently and effectively enhancing its accuracy. Section V will briefly explain the different types of surveillance systems and how they can be accessible. Lastly Section VI will display the steps followed in a moving detection system. In Video analysis the first step is the detection of moving objects and the areas which can be used are surveillance videos, tracking and monitoring people and traffic, therefore in this section we will be stating some examples on how the system works from a camera view and how effective the system can react. II. Reasons The reasons for providing an algorithm to make possible the detection of video objects is due to the need of acquiring data to be forced as an input to a computer based vision application. The application’s goal is to rebut tracking objects in the scene considering parameters in the background and the camera. Background based variables include the variation of light and objects that can change their status from moving to stopped and vice versa. The algorithm consists of two parts, the object detection which is light in terms of programming and a second part which is based on a more sophisticated structure that functions behalf of detecting objects in videos. The process of locating and tracking a moving object in video over time can be done by using a camera. Detection and tracking does not satisfy the purpose of extracting information’s but also to make implementation of systems such as traffic control, security and surveillance, medical imaging, human computer interaction, video communication and compression, augmented reality and video editing possible. Establishing correspondence of objects parts between consecutive frames of video it is the main goal of the tracking. The task of this application provides us with data that are used to enhance lower level processing like motion segmentations and data extraction such as activity analysis and behavior recognition which categorized as higher level processing. Methods and algorithms of detection and tracking The tracking and detection methods are categorized based on how an application can use them. Generally object tracking systems are adequate for outdoor surveillances videos where tracking parts of an object is necessary for several indoor surveillance systems. It is necessary to distinguish objects from each other in order to track and analyze their actions reliably. The main methods for object tracking include firstly the correspondence matching points and secondly to carry out explicit tracking by making use of position prediction or motion estimation. The techniques used for designing surveillance camera systems include the use of stationary cameras to allow the segmentation of each image into a set of regions representing the moving objects by using background differencing, and by using the method of k-Gaussian expand the video processing and allowing process of real stream videos with time varying background and without dedicated hardware. Figure 1: Tracking block diagram The diagram above shows the main blocks followed for object detection and tracking, where foreground and background are the basis for defining images. The information extraction in this scenario includes object attributes and features that could be used in applications and real time video applications. The Methods which classified as point detectors, background subtraction and segmentation is object detection. The information expected to be derived from the tracker is the trajectory of the path which has been followed from a moving object over time by locating its position in every individual video frame. The use of detection and tracking algorithms include implementation of techniques such as: data mining neural network artificial intelligence wireless sensor network biometrics. IV. Problems and Solutions Based on statements made in section II, background changes refers to light changing scenarios such as an outdoor scene, clouds covering the sun and for an indoor scenario such as turning off the lights. By considering those two factors there is problem for an object to be detected and tracked. So the approach cannot be based on frame difference where frame rate it is also depended on the object speed. From this perspective the attention must be laid on the moving object detection based on the background suppression where background model is computed and evolved frame by frame. Clarifying that statement object motion is defined by the difference between the current frame and the background model. Apart from that there must be a high response rate between the changing nature of background and reliable background model computation. Then a model must deal with erroneous ghost detection which includes objects in background that appear as moving in order to be able to compute the differenc e between those objects original position and the position that those objects where projected to after performing motion. Another puzzling fact that makes the algorithm more difficult and not approachable were the existence of shadows and moving objects while the associated shadows are sharing the same features of visual such as detectability and motion, so when the background is updated, the shadows and the moving objects are detected and grouped at the same time. The tasks that are affected by shadows its object classification and the assessment of moving object. This kind of problem mostly affects a system that controls the traffic which is evaluating the trajectories of vehicles. To eliminate such problems the approach of shadow detection needs to be defined and suppressed based on a color analysis HSV space. Another thing that interferes with the processes of tracking and detecting objects in video is the availability of video sensor, the zoom capabilities and videos streams acquired by moving platforms. In such situations the background differing techniques cannot be used because they rely on stabilization algorithm for canceling the motion of cameras, and because the stabilization and the detection are based on the background and cannot perform perfectly since it requires stabilization algorithms in order to affine the perspective model for motion compensation where the quality of compensation depends on the observed scene. To increase the accuracy of detecting a moving object we used a stabilization algorithm that locates regions of an image where this region detecting the normal component of the optical flow field. Surveillance Surveillance systems is been used for monitoring of the behavior, activities or other changing information and more often of people for influencing, managing, directing or protecting them. Such surveillance system serving government and law to enforcement to maintain social control, giving the privilege to prevent or eliminate threats because of the services suck monitoring and recognition which surveillance systems provide. Types where this kind of program and technologies are used: Computers: where responsible for the monitoring of data and traffic through internet, which is categorized in real time monitoring Computer surveillance is used monitoring all phones calls, emails, web traffic; instant messaging etc. Telephones: the official and unofficial tapping telephone lines, the program which is on use for monitoring it is on real time. By using speech to text software creates this kind of algorithm intercept audio and then processed by automated call analysis program where search for certain key words or phrases. Social network analysis: Creating social map network based on data were collected from Facebook, twitter from social sites and from phones call records. Biometrics: this kind of technology its for human analysis for their physical characteristics such fingerprinting, DNA and facial patterns. The technique used is called facial recognition and is based on person’s facial features to accurately identify them from video surveillance. Aerial: Aerial: is an airborne vehicle surveillance which is collecting visual imagery or video. Because this kind of system extraction is high resolution imagery of identification object of extremely long distance it require to use a surveillance hardware such as micro aerial vehicle Data mining and profiling: Data mining is mathematical algorithm method and statistical techniques to identify previously unnoticed relationships within the data. And the process of assembling information about a particular individual or group is called Data profiling which is use of generate profile.. Such application is use for economic and social transactions where the amount of data is large where application is working by following the electronic trail. Every transaction nowadays is electronic, resulting in an electronic trail like credit card, phone card, rented video etc. The most common type of Surveillance systems include utilization of cameras in order to survey a particular space. Surveillance videos up until now consisted of systems analogous to three differentiated generations, 1GSS, 2GSS, and 3GSS. The first generation was used for controlling a room using various cameras at different positions where the role controller was a person. The second generation involved the use of digital and analog subsystems where digital video was focusing on real time detection consequently giving the video human operators for filtering out spurious events. The third generation systems provide end-to-end digital systems followed by today’s video object detection systems. Examples From Video analysis Crossing line detection: The object is detected when a moving object crossing the â€Å"safety† line through the video processing. The safety line can be setup base on the background and the various security zones in arbitrary shapes within the cameras view. So when the object crosses the line the program will automatically activate the alarm and the object will be marked with an alert frame so that the system will mark its moving trace and will alert security personnel to pay attention to the object recognizing it as intruder. Figure 2: moving object crossing the safety line Appearing detection: when an object appears within the camera view alert detects and identifies it as a moving object, if the object behavior is according to the pre-defined alert condition the system will alarm and detect its moving tracks. This system will automatically detect any moving object like human vehicle in a designated area. Figure 3: Moving vehicle Guarding region Entry detection: By setting various security zones in arbitrary shape with in cameras view and through the intelligent video processing technique, automatically will detect moving objects such as human animals, vehicle etc. and if the object does not met the predefined rules when they entered to the security zone then alarm will alert and the object will be marked with an alert frame. Figure 4: Security zone in arbitrary shape Leaving detection: Can set alert areas or regions when an item is removed from its region and indicate its track using alarm frame when the object is removed from it position. Prevent prison break and kids who left the safe place from the kindergarten. Figure 5: Alert area or region CONCLUSION In this paper we analyzed the fact that a system for tracking and detection is necessary for computer vision application implementations such as video compression, video surveillance, vision based control, human computer interfaces, medical imaging, augmented reality etc. this kind of systems provide key tasks for monitoring and controlling applications by providing input data to video databases such content based indexing and retrieval. Reference point [1].http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=arnumber=784651url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=784651 [2]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.3288 [3]. http://www.google.com/patents/US20130322689 [4]. http://www.slideshare.net/yuhuang/object-processing11 [5]. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~wdn/myresearch.html [6]. http://jivp.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/42 [7].http://www.reoll.com/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=5Itemid=8lang=en [8]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_tracking [9]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_and_HSV

A View From The Bridge Essay-Arthur Miller -- English Literature:

A View From The Bridge Essay-Arthur Miller â€Å"A View From The Bridge† is a story with many themes and aspects such as love, The American Dream, Justice, Law and Family Honour. The story â€Å"A View From The Bridge† is about an Italian American community living in Red Hook, New York. The Italian American community in Red Hook are mainly all immigrants living in the country unlawfully. I will briefly describe the play. Alfieri, an Italian-American lawyer in his fifties, enters the stage and sits in his office. From his desk he talks to the audience and he introduces the story of Eddie Carbone. Alfieri compares himself to a lawyer in Caesar’s time. Eddie walks down the street to his house As Eddie reaches his front door two fellow Longshoremen, Louis and Mike greet him. Eddie’s niece, Catherine reaches out of the window and waves to Eddie and Louis. When Eddie enters the house he gently scolds Catherine for flirting with the boys. Eddie thinks she should be more reserved and not †walk so wavy†. Beatrice, Eddie’s wife, is also home. When Beatrice and Catherine set the table for dinner, they convince Eddie to let Catherine take a job as a stenographer down by the docks but Eddie didn’t want her to take the job because he thinks the men will take advantage of her and he wants Catherine to finish college. Eddie informs Beatrice that her cousins Marco and Rodolpho will be arriving early from Italy. Beatrice and Eddie plan to hide Marco and Rodolpho while they work in the country illegally to send money back home. Marco and Rodolpho arrive at the house and a brief reunion. Marco tells the Carbone family that he has three children and a wife back home that he will be sending money to. Rodolpho is the younger blond... ... sight of a man destroying himself, while those around him are as powerless as the audience to prevent it. This is hinted at by the beginning of the play. This play shows a whole range of emotions and tackles many issues such as The American Dream, Justice, Law and family Honour. In the end I thought that because Eddie and Catherine cared deeply for each other this led to Eddie being jealous of Rodolpho and over protective of Catherine, which split the relationship between Catherine and Eddie but also led towards the death of Eddie. All the characters in the play then suffered a tragedy because nobody gained anything in the play or achieved their dreams but mostly lost things instead of gaining things. Family honour might have been satisfied, but only through Eddie so that also proved to be negative because only Eddie dealt with it and nobody else did.

The Power Of The Situation :: essays research papers

The Power of the Situation A week of urban mayhem was ignited by the April 29, 1992 jury acquittal of four white police officers who were captured on videotape beating black motorist Rodney King. The angry response in South Central produced its own brutal footage, most dramatically the live broadcast from a hovering TV news helicopter of two black men striking unconscious with a brick, kicking, and then dancing over the body of, white truck driver Reginald Denny. The final three-day toll of what many community activists took to defiantly calling an uprising, revolt, or rebellion, was put at 53 dead, some $1 billion in property damage, nearly 2,000 arrests, and countless businesses in ashes. These two men, Damian Williams and Henry Watson undoubtedly committed a heinous crime, but thousands more looted, burned, and destroyed property with the same disregard for life and property. Were all these people criminals who used the verdicts as an excuse to commit crimes, or was the nature of the social situation the primarydeterminant of this nefarious behavior? In the course of this paper, I plan to explore this question from a psychological perspective with an emphasize on conformity and social norms, bystander intervention, social perception and reality, and finally, prejudice. Generally looking at the Los Angeles riots, and specifically drawing upon the Reginald Denny beating and subsequent trial, the power of the situation becomes evident, as thousands of people living in an extremely poor and crime-ridden area of Los Angeles, lashed out against a perception of injustice through violence. The conditions that lead people to perceive themselves as victims of unjust actions are rather complex. In this case, the favorable verdicts towards the officers who beat Rodney King was the "unjust action", not only for Rodney King, but for the community he came from. The perceived damage to desired social identities and justice led to resentment on the part of a historically poor and underprivileged class of citizens. The individual attempts to explain the event (the verdicts) by processes of attribution in which grievance may or may not be formed. (DeRidder, Schruijer, and Tripathi, 1992). The attribution of responsibility and blame is activated when confronted with unexpected behavior, unwanted consequences, or stressful, puzzling, and important events (Wong & Weiner, 1981). Thus the attribution process may be activated either when the individual experiences harm, or perceives an anti-normative action by another person or group. Contrary to popular belief, not everyone residing in south-central Los Angeles looted. Instead the majority stayed in their homes until the participants ceased their destructive activities. This does not take away from the validity of the attribution theory due to the individual differences in

Radio and European History Essay

Radio broadcasting has been viewed by governmental agencies across the globe as a contributing medium that served its growing audience. Across the years, radio broadcasting has provided entertainment and information to a diverse audience from local to, regional and international reach in commercial, social or political atmospheres. Radio broadcasting, according to Godfrey (2006), is a primary source material and an information tool as it directly observes and relates relevant events. Along with photographic records, physical remains and oral sources, radio and television broadcasts are potent sources of unfiltered evidence closer to an event, as Godfrey added. The acquisition of specific details that try to retain the images of an event through an actual experience has led Puddington (2003) to believe that media has challenged the shape of history. The significant claims on the importance of radio broadcasting drives home the idea that its classification as a primary source of data may is its contribution to history. More importantly, this paper shall strive to prove how radio broadcasting shaped European History as it gears up a strong hypothetical contention that radio broadcasting had a definite role in the shaping of European integration. The age of airwaves begun after the series of discoveries that led to the invention of the wireless telegraph. It soon signaled the birth of the radio telegraph that allowed a wide range of sounds, music and human voice to be transmitted in a new technology in 1914 according to Godfrey. Historically, it was also a crucial time fraught with misunderstanding and strife that divided Europe into armed camps. World War I broke out with Germany leading the war for control in Europe. History would recall that as early as 1872, Germany had entertained plans to control the European region as it dominated European diplomacy while France remained isolated from the rest according to Viault(1990). An ongoing international crisis had threatened to move the European powers closer to the brink of war by the 1900’s. Still in the throes of hectic plans and preparation, Germany had to content itself with waiting for a few more years before striking a match to light the flames of war. Earlier on, Europe was in its creative prime as artistic activities catered to a romantic era of the 1800 and onwards, a little over a century before radio ruled technology. It was also a century of inventions and research that became a turning point for technology to prosper. Europe while in an age of development was politically stocked under a conservative rule which soon gave way to a movement effectively fighting for reform. While Britain’s royal and upper classes rejected political democracy, France also became very authoritarian that soon culminated in the 1848 revolution which Viault (1990) related. A growing powerful ideology of nationalism also promoted a disintegration of the Austrian empire in Central Europe that soon resulted to a few alliances among nations while contributing to reckless disintegration across the regions of Europe. In effect, Europe was in mindless turmoil and at a crossroads during a century rich with creative thought yet devoid of an amplified objective. At the onset of World War I, wireless transmission proved to be an invaluable tool to the military although they were quite wary of its potential use in espionage and mass propaganda. Indeed this was the actual case as Ireland and Britain were able to recruit young draftees for World War I following the RMS Lusitania’s bombing off the coast of Ireland on the way to Lverpool by a German U-boat (Reader’s Digest, 2003). As the United States courted the use of radio for home entertainment, BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) used the radio for news and entertainment with immediate plans to isolate it from political pressures as it battles with pay for radio entertainers as reported by the NY Times (Jun, 28, 1925). Radio broadcasting was also seen among countries in Europe as serving well in fostering good-will and amity among the nations of Europe and paving the way for unity as reported again in the NY Times (Jun 7, 1931). Such movement was instrumental in the recruitment of soldiers to serve in the allied force against Nazi Germany. In a specter of a growing 2nd World War brought about by rising Nazi Germany’s plan for domination, the radio technology was already seen as a tool in war efforts. At the outbreak of World War II, radio broadcasting reached the height of international worth as it carried news from the battlefront into the homes of listeners worldwide. Radio Commentator Edward Murrow had created sensations with eyewitness description of London during German bombing raids according to Godfrey (2006). Murrow had also reported on the Buchenwald Concentration Camps on April 11, 1945 according to Puddington (2003) which was instrumental in calling an end to the genocide. War was soon declared over the airwaves as Adolf Hitler set his conditions for war and genocide in Europe over Radio Hamburg in Viault (1990). The radio’s instrumental contribution to defeat the enemy camp of Hitler was made clear as allied camps tried to disrupt German military communications signals. Germany retaliated by jamming the signals and broadcast yet heavily lost amidst allied Europe’s hands. After the war, efforts to curb Russian communism was in the mainframe of Europe’s Radio Liberation programs that prayed for a Stalin and communist era to end. In the dark days of anti-Stalin struggle, the radio broadcast was again used as a weapon of psychological warfare according to Puddington (2003). Under a movement to free Europe from any communist rule after defeating Nazism, the Cold War between the US and USSR became a regional problem in Europe. Radio Free Europe (RFE) was established as a secretly American-funded station whose main objective was to spread the evils of communism. The Russians however weren’t quick to believe any evil broadcasts against their leader who defeated the evil Hitler and the Nazis as Puddington reasoned. By the 1970’s, Radio Liberty in Europe had ranked as the most influential international broadcast station with an impressive staff of exile writers and a growing Soviet audience in Puddington (2003). Stalin’s death in 1953 created a widening room for anti-communism ideas that had sacrificed the radio station and many of its staff and workers in the interest of international peace and harmony. Poland had once pleaded to abolish Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe in order to maintain diplomatic ties with Russia but other European countries opted for the propaganda movement against communism to remain heard. Shortwave broadcasts around the Czech Republic continued despite jamming from the Soviet communist regime. Likewise in West Germany, the country researched and studied the Soviet system of governance dedicated to the cause of freeing East Germany. Radio stations were tapped all around Europe as visible stars in an anti-communist sentiment. In a landscape of remembrance for the human efforts to attain peace and freedom, the advent of radio has ultimately provided an integral element in the unity and integration of Europe. Through radio broadcasting, information was disseminated across a wider population that became instrumental in creating an alliance among nations who desired for peace and freedom rather than dominion. The historical separation of European countries in the 19th century prior to the advent of radio technology was soon disbanded in an effort to create an alliance of nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights spoke of the right to receive and impart ideas and information regardless of frontiers. Radio broadcasting as the prevalent technology in an era fraught with wars and conflicts became a tool that united European nations to unite for a common cause of peace and freedom. Radio Broadcasting has therefore shaped the modern world’s history as a modern global tool that permitted countries to unite under a common goal for peace.

Management Consultancy – Solutions Manual Chapter 19

MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY – Solutions Manual CHAPTER 19 SOURCES OF INTERMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM FINANCING: DEBT AND EQUITY I. Questions 1. The bond agreement specifies such basic items as the par value, the coupon rate, and the maturity date. 2. The priority of claims can be determined as follows: senior secured debt, junior secured debt, senior debenture, subordinated debenture, preference shares, ordinary shares. 3. Bond conversion. 4. The advantages of debt are: a. Interest payments are tax deductible. b. The financial obligation is clearly specified and of a fixed nature. . In an inflationary economy, debt may be paid back with cheaper pesos. d. The use of debt, up to a prudent point, may lower the cost of capital to the firm. The disadvantages are: a. Interest and principal payment obligations are set by contract and must be paid regardless of economic circumstances. b. Bond indenture agreements may place burdensome restrictions on the firm. c. Debt, utilized beyond a given po int, may serve as a depressant on outstanding ordinary shares. 19-1 Chapter 19 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: Debt and EquityII. Multiple Choice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. D D D B A C C E D B C D D A D 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. D C B A C A C B B B A A C C B 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. A C D A C C A A D C C A D B C Supporting computations: 16. Px = where Px Po N S = = = = value of a share5 (Po x N) + ex-rights market value of share rights-on N + 1 number of rights required to purchase one share subscription price per share Hence, Px = = = P72 360 (P75 x 4) + P60 5 the term loan: 5 18.The following schedule applies for Beginning Balance P5000 Interest x (1 – Tc ) P195 19-2 Principal Payment P1000 Ending Balance P4000 Year 1 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: Debt and Equity Chapter 19 2 3 4 5 4000 3000 2000 1000 156 117 78 39 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 2000 10 00 -0- The present value of interest after taxes at 12% is calculated to be P453. 49. 19. After the tax benefit, the annual cost of leasing is P1,400 (1 – . 35) = P910. The present value annuity factor for four years at 12% is 3. 0373.The present value cost of the lease is the cost of the first payment plus the present value of the four future payments, or P910 + P910 (3. 0373) = P3,673. 94. 20. The present value annuity factor for five years at 12% is 3. 6048. Therefore, the present value of principal payments is P1,000 (3. 6048) = P3,604. 80. The present value cost of the purchase option is the present value of principal payments or P3,604. 80 plus P453. 49 which equals P4,058. 29. III. Problems PROBLEM 1 (CAM FURNITURE COMPANY) a. Proposal 1: 10 year 12 percent bonds CAM FURNITURE COMPANY 19-3Chapter 19 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: Debt and Equity Income P30,000 Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2005 3* Estimated sales levels Sales†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P400,000 P600,000 P800,000 540,000 720,000 Operating costs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 360,000 Operating income †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 40,000 60,000 80,000 14,000 14,000 Interest charges †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14,000 Net income before taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26,000 46,000 66,000 23,000 33,000 Income taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3,000 P 23,000 P 33,000 Net income†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P 13,000 Outstanding shares = = 10,000 * EPS (P36 market value – price earnings ratio of 12) Earnings per share P1. 30 Price-earnings ratio 10 times Estimated market value P100,000 P13 33 – 1/3 Proposal 2: Ordinary share issue to yield P33-1/3 P2. 30 10 times P23 P3. 30 10 times P33 CAM FURNITURE COMPANY Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2005 Sales†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Operating costs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Operating income †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Interest charges †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Net income before taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Income taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Net income†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Outstanding shares = Estimated sales levels P400,000 P600,000 P800,000 540,000 720,000 360,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 38,000 58,000 78,000 29,000 39,000 19,000 P 29,000 P 39,000 P 19,000 + 10,000 = 13,000 shares Earnings per share Price-earnings ratio Estimated market value P1. 46 12 times P17. 52 19-4 P2. 23 12 times P26. 76 P3. 00 12 times P36. 00Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: Debt and Equity Chapter 19 b. Within the c onstraints of this problem, two possible objectives emerge: profit maximization as measured by earnings per share and wealth maximization as measured by the price of the ordinary shares. If profit maximization is used, the firm should choose to finance the new product by selling bonds, since earnings per share is higher for each of the three levels of sales. On the other hand, wealth maximization would require the sale of new ordinary shares because share price is higher at each sales level.Wealth maximization is the preferred criterion for financial decision making. Unlike profit maximization, it represents a measure of the total benefits stream to be enjoyed by the shareholders, adjusted for both the timing of benefits and the risk associated with the receipt thereof. A criterion that ignores these two important determinants of value cannot be expected to provide a proper guide to decision making. Because wealth maximization is the preferred objective, the sale of ordinary shares is the recommended financing technique. c.Proposal 2 would still be the choice, because the market value remains above that of Proposal 1. The difference is getting smaller, however, which means that Proposal 1 would become attractive if sales reached a higher level (approximately P1. 6 million). d. The investment banker would suggest that lower price-earnings ratio with debt financing is a reflection of the greater returns demanded by shareholders in compensation for the variability in earnings and higher risk of bankruptcy created by the fixed commitment to pay debt interest and principal.PROBLEM 2 (FAYE INDUSTRIES, INC. ) Faye Industries Inc. Pro Forma Consolidated Income Statement Including Earnings per Common Share and Return on Average Common Shareholders’ Equity For the Year Ending November 30, 2006 (P000 omitted except per share amounts) (1) Issuing (2) Selling Long-term Preference (3) Selling Ordinary 19-5 Chapter 19 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: D ebt and Equity Bonds P12,978 1,273 1,530 2,083 10,175 4,070 6,105 Shares P12,978 1,273 1,273 11,705 4,682 7,023 1,658 5,365 55,028 P60,393 Shares P12,978 1,273 1,273 11,705 4,682 7,023Earnings before interest and taxes Interest on Current debt (P13,395 x 9. 5%) Alternative 1 (P15,300 x 10%) Total interest Income before income tax Income taxes (40%) Net income Preference share dividends (P15,300,000 P120) x 13% Earnings available to common shareholders Add: Common shareholders’ equity December 1, 1999 Equity financing Common shareholders’ equity November 30, 2000 Average common shares outstanding (in thousands) December 1, 1999 balance Additional issued December 1 Total (and average) shares outstanding Pro forma earnings per share (P6,105 P0) 26,330 (P7,023 P1,658) 26,330 (P7. 23 P0) 33,980 6,105 55,028 P61,133 7,023 55,028 15,300 P77,351 26,330 26,330 26,330 26,330 26,330 7,650 33,980 = = = P0. 2319 P0. 2038 P0. 2067 Estimated return on average common shareholders†™ equity P6,105 [(P55,028 P61,133) 2] = P5,365 [(P55,028 P60,393) 2] = P7,023 [(P70,328 P77,351) 2] = 10. 51% 9. 30% 9. 511% 19-6

Race Conflict in “Remember the Titans” Essay

In the movie Remember the Titans Gerry and Julius worked to overcome racial issues and eventually resolved their unnecessary conflict. They came to develop an amazing friendship built on trust and respect. They eventually learned to appreciate the meaning of trusting a man for who they are as a person rather than the color of their skin. Early in the movie Gerry and Julius would not acknowledge one another, they were like enemies. When they looked at each other it was with both hatred and fear. They both lived their own separate lives, with their own race, and refused to interact with the other. If they communicated in a civil manner with the other race it was like committing an awful sin. They treated each other with such ignorance and hatred. They couldn’t stand each another and hated the way the other one acted. The majority of the time they approached their conflict with avoidance. Avoidance can be characterized as, â€Å"denial of the conflict, changing and avoiding topics, being noncommittal, and joking rather than dealing with the conflict at hand† (pg. 138). They did not want to work out their differences. Instead they chose to avoid the topic and not deal with the fact that they were of a different race. When both Gerry and Julius found out that they were going to be on the same football team they didn’t want to consider the possibility. They were both so narrow-minded and stubborn which resulted in neither seeing the other side of things. It seemed impossible for these two players to become friends  and forget about their racism. As they matured as adults and closer they became, the more they forgot about their differences and the more they defended their friendship. They were too determined to let their teammates hold them back. They would turn out to be great friends and role models for their team and the community. Much of the difference was overcome by dialogue. At first they had very little but over time they were able to grow together. â€Å"Dialogue differs from usual conversation because although you may dislike what the other person advocates, you still listen and work to value the person† (pg. 232). Their dislikes turned into likes and their unusual conversation turned into intimate conversation. When Gerry and Julius considered themselves brothers they realized how much they meant to each other and they were so honored and proud to be a true friend to each other. This was unthinkable, but the problem was that if they wanted to play football they had to overcome these hurdles, therefore not leaving them a lot of choices. On camp they would spend days together but neither of them made an effort to get along. Their friendship was so secure and they were so pleased that they had learned to overcome the racial issues and spent the time to get to know each other. They both still acted as if they were better than other and they weren’t going to attempt to change this. If something went wrong they would blame each other, or disagree, and always end up fighting and usually about different things. Their friendship evolved into healthy, yet competitive, camaraderie. â€Å"The competitive style of managing conflict is productive if one competes to accomplish individual goals without destroying the other person† (pg 145). That is why I say Gerry and Julius maintained a healthy sense of camaraderie. They had developed such a bond that they did not intend to harm the other. They actually fed off of the other as they matured and developed their skill on the field. By observing the friendship emerging between Gerry and Julius other people began to realize that having friends of a different race was not wrong. This also made Gerry and Julius’s friendship grow even stronger as they made a huge impact on the community. They understood each other and created a bond that would never be broken. Their hatred and disregard for the other due to race changed throughout the movie. They eventually grew into, what is described by Wilmot and Hocker as, a coalition (pg 189). The coalition that they created helped the remainder of the team and the community understand differences. References Hocker, J. & Wilmot, W. (2007) _Interpersonal Conflict_. New York: McGraw Hill.

Amy Tan Fish Cheeks Essay

Amy Tan and Maya Angelou come from extremely different cultures, and trying to feel accepted in American Culture. Both authors discuss a feeling of being an outcast and how their cultural differences set them apart. However, Amy Tan effectively uses narration and description to depict her sense of isolation from the dominant American culture. Angelou’s story is set in the South during the 1930’s when racism was prominent in society and an acceptable practice. Angelou’s writing mostly describes the reaction of the audience as they listen to the boxing match. She does not describe in detail on how this fight affects her or what it means to those around her. Her writing gives the reader a sense of excitement and nervousness, but it does not depict her sense of isolation from the dominant culture. Tan’s story takes place in California during the 1960’s. She feels embarrassed about her Chinese culture when she is faced with having a boy she likes and his family over for Christmas dinner. Tan describes in vivid detail her differences and embarrassment that she feels about being different from the Anglo culture. Tan more effectively describes her own isolation from social norms than Angelou. She describes her feeling and reactions to everything leading up to, during and after the Christmas dinner. Tan’s descriptive detail of her feelings throughout the evening effectively portrays her feelings of isolation and being different from the dominant American culture. The reader feels her humiliation and despair. This is evident when she describes the foods she loves in disgust and how she worries about her family’s manners at the dinner table. Angelou describes the emotions of the people around her and does not focus on her own feelings. Her focus is on the crowd’s emotions during the fight and their celebration following the win. The reader does not feel the same sense of isolation that Tan portrays. Angelo’s story describes the thoughts and feelings of her community during a boxing match. However, she does not focus on her own sense of isolation from the dominant American culture. Tan’s story describes her embarrassment and  fear of humiliation because she is different from her peer. She desperately wants to fit into the dominant American culture and is embarrassed by everything her culture and family represents during the Christmas

Analyse the star persona

Analyse the star persona FILM AND TV STUDIES WORK PROGRAMME ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Analyse the star persona of any actor of your choosing. What traits connotations and values does that star persona embody and to what extent does he or she bring the same traits, connotations and values to each role? You should answer with close reference to at least THREE films. In this essay I am going to analyse the star persona of one of Bollywood most successful actor, Shahrukh Khan, also known as SRK. Shahrukh Khan has made over fifty movies over the years; starting from 1992 he made his debut film Deewana (1992) which gave him box office hit. This gave him the most successful launch of his career in the Bollywood film industry. His role in the film gave achieved him Filmfare for the best Debut Award. There are three films of Shahrukh Khan that I am going to use close reference to, they are, KKHH (Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Something Happens 1998), K3G (Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham Sometimes Happiness, Sometimes Sadness 2001) and (Chak De! India Come On India 2007). The reason I chose these movies as these movies are very well known for big the success of his acting part in these movies. KKHH is a story of a simple stylish, sensuous and ambrosial love triangle story. Rahul (Shahrukh Khan) the tomboy Anjali (Kajol). They are both students at St Xavier’s College. They are the best of friends. One day Tina, (Rani Mukerji), the principals daughter enrols the college. She is from London and is very beautiful, feminine and sophisticated and the opposite of Anjali. Rahul falls for her as they meet for the first time. Anjali then realises that she has feeling for Rahul and did not realise the careless comment on his part that she had heard, which equated love with friendship. This causes the love triangle to unfold. When one day Rahul confesses his love for Tina to Anjali, Anjali leaves the college, to forge the heartbreak that has caused her. Tina and Rahul marry and have a daughter whom they name Anjali. Tina di es after childbirth but has written a series of eight letters. On Anjali birthday she asks about where her name has come from. Rahul daughter Anjali believes that the older Anjali can make her father happy again and decided to help him reclaim his lost love. Rahul then meets Anjali again at a camp where Rahul daughter has enrolled, where her namesake is the counsellor. The namesake discoverers without the knowledge of the girl, the truth of her new charges of parentage. Rahul finds the old feelings reviving. But Anjali has bowed to her family’s wishes and is engaged to another man. Complications ensue, but all ends well as Anjali fiancà © steps aside to let the fated couple marry at last. Richard Dyer in his book says â€Å"A star image is made out of media texts that can be grouped together as promotion, publicity, films and commentaries/criticism†. SRK falls directed into all these mentioned. Promotion is one big main thing is what makes SRK. Although he is worldwid e famous primarily to the South Asian ethnicity around the world, most of the promotion is spread over India itself.

To what extent does inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) alleviate Dissertation

To what extent does inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) alleviate poverty in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) - Findings and Analysis - Dissertation Example The countries with maximum GDP growth have been identified from the literature review. I have picked out six countries that have the highest GDP growth from among the fifty-two countries in the Sub-Saharan region. Existing literature shows that these six countries have made consistent level of economic activities since the 1960s. This has been validated later on in this research with the help of quantitative analysis made on the data collected. GDP growth rates for Angola, Ethiopia and Uganda cannot be evaluated for the years before 1980s due to lack of availability of data. A significant similarity between Angola, Algeria and Cameroon is that GDP growth for these countries has been very low (Algeria) or negative (Angola and Cameroon) in 1992. HDI for Cameroon has been studied only for the years 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010 since data for other years are not available. However, for Egypt, Ethiopia and Uganda the GDP growth in 1992 has been positive. Among these countries, Cameroon shows the lowest level of GDP growth. Figure: GDP growth of Cameroon and its level of Human Development Index Yet, to one’s surprise, it is found that the HDI for the country shot up after 2000 and has remained high since then. In fact the HDI has improved for all these countries in the beginning of the twenty first century. ... These factors also help in correlating the drivers of human development, and thus poverty alleviation in these countries. The data shows that the GDP of Egypt shows declining trend after 1998 and that of Uganda falls consistently after 2006. Although, in Egypt, GDP growth reached a local high in 2007, it has been decreasing consistently since then. Figure: GDP growth of Egypt and Uganda This shows that there are certain factors that have affected the overall productivity in these countries. However, surprisingly level of HDI growth has improved in both countries after 2003. Sufficient information for HDI for both Egypt and Uganda has not been available for the years before 1999. Therefore, HDI in the countries during these years could not be compared. Figure: HDI growth of Egypt and Uganda This is a sharp increase and HDI has remained high since then without fluctuating. This reveals that although GDP is commonly considered the measure of growth, for many developing countries it does not reflect the true level of development of the economy. Hence, human development index should be considered while studying the level of economic development for these countries. In the analysis section, I have studied the level of openness to trade of the countries that display the most contrasting features. The contrasting characteristics of the two countries, Uganda and Cameroon, make it important to make an in depth study of the factors affecting the economic activities of these countries. According to the data, level of economic growth in Algeria, as depicted by the GDP growth of the country, has been high since the beginning of the 1960s. Data for HDI is not available for all consecutive years; information regarding HDI

Property law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Property law - Case Study Example This means that with Barney as the surviving owner, the actual owner of the piece of land was Barney and not Opie. In effect, Opie did not have the right to use the property as collateral, and the lender did not have legal possession in the property for foreclosure to take effect. Generally, foreclosure is applicable because foreclosure applies as a legal right given to a mortgage holder, who in this case was the lender to take total possession of the property or sell the property out so as to use the proceeds to pay an outstanding debt (Alfredo, 2012). The lender therefore had no covering for this as he had used a property that was not the legal ownership of the borrower. Hitherto, the only form of plea that can be available for Andy’s son is for him to seek repayment negotiations with the lender with more favorable terms of payment. As Barney’s lawyer also, a direct claim shall be made on the property forthwith. Abandoning of property for 20 years According to Article 1 to 40 of North Carolina Adverse Possession Law, The person in possession thereof, or defendant in the action, or those under whom he claims, has possessed the property under known and visible lines and boundaries adversely to all other person for 20 years. What this means that as the lawyer of Barnie, the best form of legal redress that can be sought to incriminate Ernest of his actions and thus get Barney back as the legal owner of the piece of land is by investigating into the time that Ernest had actually started any work on the land. This is especially important as construction of a cabin has already started taking place on the land. Even though Kubasek (2012) explains that adverse possession entitles a person to acquire ownership of property, with neither protest nor permission for the real owner, the North Carolina adverse possession law seems to supersede this in interpretation by giving a definite time frame when adverse possession can take effect. As investigations go on to claim the land back, law suits will also be made against the approach used by Ernest, which could be said to be a threat on the life of Barney. Eviction from residence due to eminent domain The eviction that Barney faces from his Carolina Beach residence is not just an ordinary eviction from a property but one that is explained in legal terms as eminent domain. In simple terms, this is a situation whereby the government is given the right to takeover a private property, once payment has been done for a purpose that benefits the general welfare (Kubasek, 2012). Since government has showed evidence that the property that was to be taken was going to be used for a resort, which will clearly generate jobs and income for the area, it is strongly posited that Barney would have no legal justification to litigate the claim of the property. As the lawyer however, what will be done is to ensure that the government through the town attorney is taken on its words to ensure that Barney gets the full compensation that is due him. In the bargain for compensation, it will not only be the market value of the property that will be looked at but also the personal interest that Barney will loss in having to relocate to a totally new

Any topic for play Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Any topic for play - Movie Review Example It was really done in an excellent and most convincing manner. It was always considered one of the crowds favorites because it was original. The plot of the play was able to illustrate and describe the pain, the longing, the struggle, the love and the loss. Every person who was able to watch the play can certainly attest that it was the most romantic story ever heard. At the end of the play, we are left heavy-hearted. The actors who played were well selected and were able to play their part excellently. The accent and how they delivered their lines were very convincing. Definitely, the play is worth doing. It is one of the best stories and plays ever written and depicted. Romeo and Juliet is our trademark in unconditional love. Before the romantic movies, and love songs that we have right now, there was always the Romeo and Juliet story ever famous to us all. The play was worth doing because not only did it was well executed, it also was well prepared. It is one of best plays I have ever seen, a very unforgettable

Boss Speech in an away day event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Boss Speech in an away day event - Essay Example Particularly, I present my gratification for all your input, which has made us to achieve tremendous results recently. Needless to say, our recent achievement as a company has been made possible by your individual contribution within your various teams. Although our growth as a company is indeed greatly appreciated, the same has come with increased challenges. This is because we are getting more responsibilities as a company, at the teamwork level and most importantly at individual level. The increased responsibilities to handle increased challenges should not be faced with fear but with much optimism and courage. It is also undeniable that we have been working under capacity as individuals and as a team. We have not been able to utilize our full potential in various aspects especially in communication and interpersonal relationships. I strongly believe that we have a more profound potential and that we can put more concerted efforts towards achieving and exceeding the company’s goals and objectives. In our endeavor to achieve the company’s goals, objectives vision and mission, I think it is overwhelmingly important for all of us to take time to understand how everyone feels. Indeed, effective communication and interpersonal communication begins with understanding one another. Although we come from different cultural, educational, intellectual, and social backgrounds, we can work together cohesively as a team by understanding each other. The teamwork spirit should be encouraged, respected and nurtured at all times. As we prepare ourselves for the challenging times ahead, it would be essential to be open, cheerful, and free to communicate and interact with one another at a personal level. This way we will all be in a position to get the most out of this interactive session. The openness and freeness generated in this interactive

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume Essay - 4

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume II, McGraw Hill chapters 20-21 - Essay Example The Square deal was an approach where Roosevelt was focused in solving three fundamental community concerns. The other progressive who took up the Presidential Office was Woodrow Wilson, a democrat with proper academic backgrounds who was equipped with various community development change ideologies (Alan 2011, pg.516). In their quest to facilitate a corruption free society and foster development by using the progressivism program, the two presidents experienced several obstacles that derailed the achievement of their goals; however, they managed to overcome some of the obstacles and in the end achieved their development agendas. To begin with, when Roosevelt came to power as the President of the United States, he had a focus to address three aspects of the society in which on his own view were fundamental: Roosevelt was enthusiastic in protecting consumers, conserving the environment and controlling corporations (Alan 2011, pg. 516). In 1902, coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike demanding better pay, proper working conditions as well as a reduction of normal working time from ten hours to nine hours a day. President Roosevelt stepped in to create a solution to this conflict by calling a meeting with the mine owners for negotiations. However, some of the mine owners were reluctant and did not attend the meeting; some of them did not show sympathy and were adamant to meet the demands of their workers. President Roosevelt, having been motivated by the majority support from the public, miners and the workers’, decided to use his ‘big stick’ where: He was to seize and manage the mines through the use of Government troops (Alan 2011, pg. 517). Additionally, President Roosevelt experienced great challenges in his effort to eliminate corruption among monopolistic businesses and corporations (Trusts) of which majority were owned by the America’s

611 week 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

611 week 10 - Essay Example The advantage of the grading systems is that they show a record of achievement and the learning progress and help the teachers and parents to know the student’s capability in academics. A student who scores an A or A minus is student who is doing well. A student who scores C is an average performer. A student with an E is a failure. The limitation of the grading system is that they only tell what a student can do theoretically in class and does not show what the student can do past the class or practically. The guidelines for developing multiple grading and reporting systems: Communication is the main objective for grading and reporting. The grades should be able to communicate to the parents, teachers and the public on performance of the students. The methods of reporting and grading must offer understandable and accurate descriptions of the learning process. The systems must also offer learning and teaching. Considerations in conducting parent-teacher conference: The parents ought to talk to their children before the conference begins. They must know if the child has a favorite subject. They must also ask their children if they would prefer to discuss any topic with the teacher. It is always advisable to discuss before the conference begins. The parents should talk with the teachers before the conference begins. The pre-meeting with the teachers helps the parents in share information about their child’s personality, interests and hobbies. The parents must also set priorities by setting questions that are important to them. The parents must also manage their minds while the head to the school. The parents must remind themselves that the trip is for the benefit of their child. They must also prepare for an opening that is friendly. Listening is important because it helps the parents to get information about their child, the school and the teachers. Sometimes the teacher may have a problem with the child, but it is

Pay Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pay Structure - Essay Example This will also help create an insight of the company’s payment plan. I will also analyze the compensation structure where the employees stand to receive their salaries depending on their roles, duties and distinctive responsibilities. In this aspect, I will seek to find out whether the company distributes salaries fairly to every employee irrespective of their social status (Foubert, 2010). This will help me find out any instance of gender or minority discrimination. I will seek to establish whether the company has a rewarding system, such as bonuses for work well done. I will also find out whether the company distributes rewards fairly to its employees. I will delve into the promotion process of the company, which is a crucial part of establishing incidences of fairness or elements of discrimination in the company (Foubert, 2010). Additionally, I will weigh the promotion system of the company against the present-day market standards in order to establish true and valid gender or minority based

The first act in Hobsons Choic Essay Example for Free

The first act in Hobsons Choic Essay Willies speech tells the reader that Will is now a successful businessman and that he is able to control his own business. The playwright shows us this change by making the character use more complex speeches. In the fourth act, Willies responses towards Hobson a much more lengthy than they were and they is not the same as his limited, one word answers in the first act. This shows the reader that he has become more confident to talk to people in a class higher than his own, and he has a larger vocabulary and he is much more fluent. He tells Hobson how he expects his business to go on into St.Annes square in the future. In act four, the reader also finds out how much Willie has changed from the way he talks to Hobson about the new name of the boot shop. Willie tells Hobson that the name of the shop shall be, William Mossop, late Hobson. Maggie does not agree and Hobson realises that Willie is trying to take over the whole business. At this point, Hobson says, Just wait a bit. I want to know if Im taking this in alright. Im to be given a half-share in my own business on condition I take no part in running it. Is that what you said? Willie replies, Thats it, as if to imply that Hobson is not to have any part in the business. This portrays Willies confidence in speaking to people like Hobson and shows the reader how much his attitude has changed. In act four, Willie is much more fluent with his words and his new vocabulary suggests that he has been educated well by Maggie. He talks about things in a more serious manner. He does not speak in a comical way, or use any phrases that would make him look dim-witted. Also, the way in which he controls his business in Oldfield Road suggests his education has improved dramatically. Maggies education and influence on Will have had a positive effect on him. Unlike the first act, he is now clear about his ambitions and his future. This is shown by his attitude towards his business and the way he handles Hobsons offer of partnership. At the end of act four, Maggie and Will show their love towards each other. In the first act Will Mossop is a reluctant player in Maggies game plan. By the end of act four, he loves her and can appreciate what she has done for him. The last phrase in act four, shows that Will Mossop still hasnt completely grown out of his comical attitude, by saying, Well, By gum! This ends the play. In contrast to the early scenes, I chose to show Willie Mossop as a confident, successful businessman. Firstly, I used a different costume and I wore a three-piece suit with a top hat under my arm. Secondly, when I spoke to Mr Hobson I was fluent and I looked him in the eye. In this act, I changed my timorous attitude to a confident attitude. I proved this by having my shoulders back and being in a closer space. I even deliberately placed Maggie behind me on stage, to show that I was now the person in charge.

Development of Air Compressor Lubrication

Development of Air Compressor Lubrication In this project, the mission which needs to be accomplished is to investigate the relentless root cause of such failure and to give useful recommendations which can help to avoid such failures in the reciprocating compressor under study in the future. An engine driven auxiliary air compressor failed, the air compressor is located in the Hawke workshop. The first stage will be to establish details about the compressor, the manufacturer and how the compressor works. Classification of compressors and types will be also discussed and of course the theory of operation. Collecting components failed in order to be examined subsequently for the failure cause or causes this will be held using a variety of methods. NDE (non-distractive examination) or NDT (non-destructive testing) is valuable way to use for preliminary inspection of the failed parts without damaging it. DT (destructive test) is another way to check and inspect parts but this inspection method appears from its name it lead do d estructive damage the tested parts which will be no longer able to be used. Fatigue principles also will be showed. Studying all the above will gave a clear idea about the cause of the damage. Discussion of the probable causes for the failure well be performed in the following chapters as well as the conclusion obtained from study conducted. 1.1 Introduction Air compressor producing is return for long time ago. The main idea of compressing air and discharge it used by the ancient in deferent ways. The first usage for the air compressor is increasing the combustion of furnace. The air compressor is raising the heat of the furnace by bellowed compressed air to it. Moreover, the main products got from these furnaces are metals and weapons. Muscles were the main power source for the air compressor. The below figure shows the old air compressor. That kind of old air compressors still used in different productions. This project will investigate and analysis a failure happened in an air compressor. This investigation will be done in several ways to figure out the cause of the failure. Air compressor is a machine has the ability to compress the air and release it to convert the electrical power to kinetic energy to use it in several industrials and usages. Air compressor is consisting of many components. These components are electrical motor, pistons, air pump, air receiver, air drier, filters, air pressure regulator and pressure switch. All of these components will be discussed in details in the next chapters. There are also types of air compressor will be discussed later. 1.2 Background The case which had here is a failure in an air compressor. From the first sight on the damage happened in it, it seems to be that the failure happened in the connecting rod and its obvious from the below figure number 3. This figure shows that the failure happened in the connecting rod from the ring part which connected to a crank shaft. But the reason for this failure is unknown as there are several scenarios could be adopted. The first scenario is the fatigue is the reason for this failure. The second scenario is a very heavy pressure loaded to the compressor which led to that failure. These are the most expected scenarios which will be investigated later in this project to figure out the reason of the failure. 1.3 Amis and objectives Aims: The main aim of this graduation project is to investigate and discover the cause or the causes of failure of diesel engine driven auxiliary reciprocating air compressor made by Knorr-Bremse, model number is LP 4865. This will be achieved by carrying out the below objectives, once its achieved, the main aim of the project will be achieved. Project objectives: Collecting valuable information about, model number is LP 4, this will include: design of compressor, design of each part, construction materials of each part, operation principles, working theory, production range..etc. collecting data will help to recognize main failure cause, and accordingly to prepare new procedure to eliminate the problem, to decrease the opportunity of failure occurrence in the future, use greater safety factor and to recognize the person or the entity responsible for failure and to make mistake proofing for future avoidance of the failure. Collecting this background information is not limited to numbers only but it is should be extended to everything such as pictures, charts and graphs and samples. Investigating operational parameters, history of operation, nature of operation..etc in order to be able to determine precisely the root cause of such failure and which failure mode it follows. Physical investigation or macroscopic inspection should be carried out. This mission includes photo capturing, code of the product, model number, lot number, batch number and serial number. Perform compressor disassembly in order to dismantle each component, part, assemblies and sub-assemblies to perform through investigation and inspection of each. Its should be mentioned that necessary tests and analyses should be performed; mainly the manufacturer usually has his own procedures and tests for test and inspection. 2.0 Air Compressor What is the air compressor? Air compressor is a machine that converts electric power to kinetic energy (motion). This energy comes from pressurizing and compressing air. After that, the compressed air goes into a chamber, and the air kept in the chamber by unidirectional valve. There are many types of compressors these types are: reciprocating compressor, rotary screw compressor and centrifugal compressor. These types will be explained in details below. 2.1 Reciprocating compressor: Reciprocating air compressor is positive displacement compressor. This compressor sucks a volume of air and presses it with high pressure. This pressure done by using a piston and cylinder as movement part and displacement part. The compressor could be single acting or double acting according to its accomplish by using one side or both side. When the pressure difference between the cylinder and the receiver became proper, the valves open. Inlet valves open when the pressure in the cylinder is slightly below the intake pressure. Discharge valves open when the pressure in the cylinder is slightly above the discharge pressure. The compressor could be a single stage when the compression process done parallel. Advantages: Simple design. Lower initial cost. Easy to install. High efficiency with 2 stages. No need for lubrication. Large range of horsepower. Disadvantages: Maintenance cost is high. Many moving parts. Vibration problems. Foundation maybe required. Not running at full capacity all the time. 2.2 Rotary screw compressor: Also Rotary air compressor is a positive displacement compressor. Single stage helical or spiral lobe oil flooded screw is the most common in rotary air compressor. This compressor is consisting of 2 rotors located in a case where the air is compressed internally without any valves. The cooling for these compressors done by oil. As the cooling for the working parts happened inside the compressor, this type of compressor will not experience over heat due to operation, so it could operate without stop. Due to the simple design of the rotary screw compressor and its parts it can be maintained easily and installed any where could handle its static weight. The 2 stages rotary air compressor uses 2 rotors with a combined air end. This 2 rotors installed in series to share the compression. This raise up the efficiency with 50%. This 2 stage rotary compressor combined the maximum profit from the rotary screw with its simplicity and flexibility and the reciprocating compressor with its effect ive energy when it works 2 stages with double acting. The 2 stages of this compressor could be cooled by water, air or oil. The cooling system for this compressor could be oil, air and water. Advantages: Simple design. Low initial cost. Low maintenance cost. Good efficiency at 2 stages. Easy to install. Few moving parts. Common in use. Disadvantages: Limited life for airend. Service for airend couldnt be done at field. High rotational speeds. Must be oil lubricated. Single stage has low efficiency. 2.3 Centrifugal compressor: The centrifugal air compressor is a dynamic compressor that depends on transfer of energy from a rotating impeller to the air. This done by changing the airs momentum and pressure. By slowing the air in stationary diffuser the momentum converted to pressure. This compressor is oil free compressor. There is a separation between the lubricated oil and air by shaft seals and atmospheric vents. Where the high volume of dry air is required a centrifugal compressor is the proper compressor as it has a few moving parts and could operate continuously. 2.4 Rotary Sliding Vane Compressors: Rotary sliding Vane Compressor is also a positive displacement compressor. This type of compressor is consisting of rotor and stator and eight blades. Between the intake and exhouset valves a cresent shape formed by the location of the rotor and stator. The compression achieved by one complete rotation as the volume changed from the maximum to minimum. Vanes are pushed outward against the stator walls. Injecting oil from the intake valve and along the stator wall to cool the air and make a sealing between the stator wall and vans and also to lubricate bearings. So that a filtration system must be installed to separates the oil from the compressed air. Advantages: Simple design. Easy to install. Low cost. Maintenance cost is low. Reliable. Few moving parts. Disadvantages: Single stage. Low efficiency. Must lubricate with oil. Difficult with over pressure. 2.5 Main Component of Air compressor in general: The system could be installed in 2 methods. The first method is where air drier before receiver tank. The second method is where the air drier after the receiver tank. These components will explained in details in the below paragraph. Receiver tank: From its name receiver tank is a tank that receives the discharged air. It helps to prevent rapid compressor cycling by providing a storage capacity. The advantage for the receiver tank is reducing the wear and tear in motor, inlet control system and compression module. It also eliminate the flow pulsing. Air Dryers: there are 3 types of air dryer. The main objective for air dryers is to dry the air to prevent rust and wearing in the air compressor components and discharge line. These types are: Refrigerated air dryers: This dryer used a mechanical technique to remove moisture from compressed air and cooling it and condense water. Desiccant dryers: This dryer is absorbing water vapour by using utilizes chemical drops called desiccant. The common desiccants used in this dryer are silica gel, molecular sieve and activated alumina. Deliquescent air dryers: This type of dryer using desiccant to dry compressed air. The wetness in the compressed air reacted with the absorption material and turned into liquid which drained from the dryer. This process could be corrosive so the corrosion check has to be done. Filters: Filters are installed to remove the lubricants and water from the compressed air. It could be installed downstream at refrigerated air dryer or upstream at desiccant dryer. The most common in filters is coalescing filter. But this filter it only can remove liquid and water which have been previously condensed. Piping Distribution systems: Piping distribution system is controlling in how the compressed air go out to the tools and also determined the required energy for the air compressor. 2.6 The reciprocating air compressor (knorr-bremse, model lp 4865) The main study object in this project as said before is to study the reciprocating air compressor (knorr-bremse lp 4865). By searching the internet and try to get information about the air compressor which needed to complete this study but unfortunately the required information couldnt be found except its maximum pressure 12 bar and volume 460 . So the general information about the reciprocating air compressor will be mentioned instead of the specific air compressor. There are 9 main parts for the reciprocating air compressor these parts are: Crank case: Crank case is a close rigid body where the crank shaft and the bearing house where located. This body could by rectangular or square shape. Mainly crank case formed by using cast iron. Crank Shaft: Crank shaft in one of the most important parts in air compressor. It is a motion transferor. It designed as one piece has balance in its dynamics and tries to avoid any twisting. To ensure a long life for bearings, the polishing and crank pin will be done. Generally crank shafts have a fly wheel. This crank shaft manufactured mainly of high grade S.G iron. Connecting rod: This part is responsible of transfer the motion from the crank shaft to the piston and changing the direction from the rotating motion come from the crank shaft into reciprocating motion in piston. This part is mainly forged of alloy steel. Bearings: Bearings are made to provide the rotating gear with rigidity. Its mainly manufactured of copper lead alloy. Cross slide: to get a perfect running for cross head, this part is responsible for reduce the inertia. This part is commonly manufactured of high grade S.G. iron. Cylinder: This part is where the air flow passes and compressed. Cylinders are manufactured with water jacket to reduce the generated heat from the compression process. This cylinder mainly made of cast iron. Pistons: Piston is the main part in the compression process, which move forward to compress the air and backward to intake a new air amount to compress. There are 2 types of piston according to its lubrication system, the first type is non-lubricated which made from aluminium alloy, and the second type which is lubricated is made from cast iron. Due to moving of piston in the cylinder, so there must a space exist between them, to ensure there is no leak happened for air a piston rings located on piston. Piston rod: Piston rod is this rod which connects the piston to the connecting rod. The piston rod is manufactured of alloy steel. Intake and discharge valves: These valves are responsible for the amount of air sucked or discharged. When the piston in the retraction position the suction valve open to allow the air to get in. when the piston move forward and reach the maximum pressure the discharge valve open. These 2 valves are adjusted to be opened and closed according to the pressure difference between inside the cylinder and the outside. These valves are made from stainless steel even a plate type or spring type. 2.7 Air Compressor Lubrication Due to the operation of the air compressors which have different moving parts, a friction must be occurring. This friction generates heat and not just that it leads to part wearing which probably lead to a failure. And some time a kind of sealing need to be installed to prevent the compressed air from leaking. All of these reasons lead to using lubrication. Oil lubrication is a must in air compressors to overcome all above problems. The lubrication method could be different from type to another, but the main idea is to prevent the friction between moving parts like lubricate the bearings, or at the same time in some cases like reciprocating air compressor it also works like sealing between the cylinder wall and the piston. The problem in lubricate the air compressor is the selection of the proper oil. The selected oil must be industrial oil with high quality and matching the operation requirements. The environment of where the compressor will be installed is one of the parameter of s electing the lubrication oil, if the environment is too cold and the temperature is low the frizzing point, an anti-frizz oil must be use. If the environment is too hot oil with high viscosity and ability to heat resistance must be used. All of these restrictions must be considered while selecting the lubricant. These are the main idea of lubrications but the implementation is different according to each type of air compressor. The lubrication system changes from one type of air compressor to another according to the operation theory of it. 3.0 Quality assurance for the manufacturing process Air compressors are designed to work in both the industrial and the privet fields, it designed to press gas or pressured air. During the air compressor operations leak or failure maybe happened and this will lead to a serious damage. The quality assurance purpose is to guarantee if the production is safe and ready to use or if rejected and have defects. This operation done by two methods the first one is the destructive test which means that the tested object will be destructed and no longer could be used and this type used in the initial design and on the first production to be sure of it. The second test is called the non-destructive test (NDT) which means we can make our test and be sure if the production is good to use or not without destructing the production. This type (NDT) what we are going to focus on because its the most common method in inspection. The definition of the NDT is its a test methods used to examine an object without impairing its future usefulness. There are a several methods in NDT used like: Visual Microwave Thermograph Tap testing X-ray Magnetic particles Acoustic Microscopy Acoustic emission Magnetic measurements Liquid penetrate Ultrasonic Flux Leakage Eddy current Replication Laser interferometer All of the above methods are used in NDT, but in our case we will go to use the common methods and try to clarify its operation and how to use. Visual inspection: It the most common and basic inspection method. In this method we can use fiberscope, bore scopes, magnifying glasses and mirrors. Another technology could be used as electronic microscopes have the ability to enter the narrow places inside the air compressor. Magnetic Particle Inspection: This inspection could be done by magnetize the inspection part. After that coloured particles of iron covered the inspection area. These particles of iron will spread to the magnetic flux and show the discontinuity area. By applying the proper light this inspection could be checked by visual.splinedflour Radiography: To perform this check a shot waves with high energy is used. Radioactive source or X-ray machine could generate such waves. The part which will be tested will be located between the radiation source and a film. This part will prevent some of the radiation. Thick areas will stop more waves. This will lead to variation on the film darkness the thick part will be less dark and the thin or cracked part will be more darker.RAD1Casting CastingRad Eddy Current Testing: This type of test is used to discover the crakes on the surfaces. It also could be used to test the thickness of coating of the surfaces.eddy.PNG Ultrasonic Inspection: To use this test a high frequency sound wave is applied to the surface of the part. These waves are reflected waves which will be reflected from any crack inside the material. This sound wave are reflected into the device which will show the reflection time on a gage this gage could show the depth of the crack by time of reflection. It could also be connecting to a computer by using a computer program which will draw a diagram of the part and the crack location. Liquid Penetrate Inspection: To apply this type of test a liquid with high moistening spread over the tested part and gave time to leak into the crakes. After that the rest of liquid is removed from the surface. After that a special powder spread over the surface to get the stuck liquid out from the crack. The crack will appear and could be discovers by eye. To increase the sensitivity and accuracy of this test it could be done under ultra violet light. For the above types of NDT there is some common application where they also could be used: Inspection of Raw Products: Forgings. Castings. Extrusions. Inspection Following Secondary Processing: Machining. Welding. Grinding. Heat treating. Plating. In-Services Damage Inspection: Cracking. Corrosion. Erosion/Wear. Heat Damage. 3.1 Fatigue The strength of the product is the most important safety factor. To be sure that the product will be safe and could stand the applied loads safety factor must be added to the design. During the operation, parts experience a non-constant loads which lead failure along with time. Fatigue could be defined as a failure happened due to a rapid variation in loads, but without any of this load variations exceed the maximum load. This type of failure happened commonly in metallic materials not only but also in different materials. There are 3 stagers for Fatigue, these stages are: 1. Initial crack. 2. Propagation of crack. 3. Final fracture. 3.2 How to analysis fatigue to prevent it Component material and stress field are the main 2 principals that govern the amount of time needed for crack to start and spread accusing a failure. There are 3 main methods to calculate the fatigue time, these method are: SN Method: To predict a fatigue life for a part stress life approach could be used. This method gave the fatigue life for the object. This method is depending on the calculation of varying elastic strength so it couldnt be applied to low fatigue cycle. But this type of test is very accurate at high fatigue cycles. EN Method: This method is using plastic stress to calculate not only the fatigue life but also the crack penetration. The advantage of this method is that it could be used for calculating the fatigue in low life cycle and plastic life cycle also. LEFM Method: Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics is used to calculate crack growth rates. This approach assumes that a crack is already present and predicts crack growth with respect to the stress intensity at the crack tip. 3.3 Fatigues in Aluminium From previous fatigue studies done on aluminium, it seems to be that aluminium is a very good material with high resistance to fatigue. These studies which done on a certain alloy of aluminium, but in general the heat treatment for aluminium lead to a significant in the fatigue life. Heat treatment also give aluminium high strength, excellent toughness and reasonable ductile. The crack initial behaviour of aluminium took place from the surface just like many metals and alloys. 3.4 Aluminium Properties To be familiar with Aluminium some properties must be considered and known, these properties are: Youngs Modulus: 70 GPa. Ductility Malleability: High. Hardness: 420 MPa. Density: Low 2700 kg / cubic metre. Melting Point: 660.32 ÂÂ °C Boiling Point: 2519 ÂÂ °C. Electrical Resistivity: Low 2.65 x 10-8 Ohm metres. Reflectivity: High 71% unpolished and when polished: 97% . All of these properties gave a clue that Aluminium is the metal of the modern world. With its strong, lightweight, ductile and reflective it could be used for several industries and accomplish a great results. 4.0 Problem Analysis The first problem in this study is that damage which happened in the connecting rod from ring which connected with crack shaft. As said in the background, there are 2 scenarios leads to this damage. The first scenario is a fatigue accrues in the connecting rod with lead to this damage as it couldnt stand the motion and the pressure any more. The second scenario is an excessive pressure more than the maximum pressure which could be hold by the compressor. At the same time a malfunction in the discharge happened, and this could be taken in consider as it must opened at slightly below the maximum pressure. In both scenarios, the damage in the connecting rod lead to another greater damage in the piston and the cylinder, as the piston start to move in non-liner motion and hitting the cylinder wall. This leads to a serious damage in the compressors piston and cylinder. The second problem is gathering the information about the air compressor Knorr-Bremse Lp 4865. This problem happened as the manufactured company keep the information about this compressor not listed and its material and properties to figure out the reason of the damage, maybe by knowing its maximum pressure or material type to check the fatigue on it. 4.1 Problem Solution After studying all sercomestances and what happened during the failure happened, it seems that the failure happened due to a serious fatigue which is not noticed in a previous time. This fatigue happened to the aluminium alloy which connecting rod made from. An analysis done for the particles and it shows that the particles is consist of 88% aluminium. This gave a thought about how serious was the fatigue in this movable part. As the connecting rod is responsible for transfer the power and motion from crank shaft to the piston, it experiences a load variation all the operation time. A crack must happened time ago on the surface of the connecting rod and it start to spread and choose the weakest area which is the ring where the crank shaft is hinged. This particular area is the weakest area in connecting rod as the thickness reduced to attach the crank shaft. To overcome the second problem a deeply internet search is made with trying to contact with the manufactured company through their website www.knorr-bremse.com, but with no result. So another technique implemented, which is gathering common information about reciprocating air compressor and its common parts and materials. This could be useful but not accoutre. There are 2 appendices attached to the project which have some data about the parts and how to maintain it gathered from the company itself. 4.2 Results As a final result of this project, the damage which happened in the connecting rod accusing damage on the rest of parts is happened due to a fatigue. After the fatigue weak the connecting rod it reached a phase that the connecting rod couldnt stand any load. Just after the failure the piston starts to hit the cylinder wall, which accuses the obvious damage on the piston and the piston rings. To prevent such a failure in the future a regular check must be done for the concerning parts as scheduled in the producers manual. A life time calculation for all parts must also be done and make the replacement in its time. These procedures are going to prevent such a failure to happen again.