Different types of Intermodal movement by Air Essay

Different types of Intermodal movement by Air - Essay Example Rockets are mainly used for launching satellites, spacecraft, space shuttles and space research stations. A rocket is always misunderstood to be a spaceship by the laymen. Spacecraft, satellites and space shuttles are meant for space and planetary exploration in particular. Though aircraft, spacecraft and rockets share a common feature that they are airborne, they differ totally from each other in their looks and use. A rocket is a multipurpose instrument used in air, water and space with necessary modifications but the use of aircraft is sensibly limited to the earth atmosphere as they can not fly in the outer space with their wings and wing-shaped propellers where there is no gravitation. But the technology of rockets has become so simple that it has spread like a computer virus and is mostly misused by terror groups which have acquired the expertise. It is true that the rockets are playing the lead role in the space exploration at present but the day may not be far off when they would be replaced by the aircraft made up of air breathing rocket engines. The movement by air, for both people and cargo, is bound to take new vistas. Use of different types of airborne vehicles for different purposes would undoubtedly pick up by leaps and bounds in this space age. Basically, airborne vehicles can broadly be divided into two classes such as atmospheric vehicles comprising airplanes and helicopters which move with in the earth’s atmosphere and non-atmospheric vehicles comprising space craft, space shuttles, deep space probes, satellites and rockets which move in earth’s outer atmosphere (Anderson, 2004). Each of them is totally different among themselves serving a different purpose and having its own advantages and disadvantages in relation to its use. For decades now, we have been extensively using aero planes and helicopters for airborne movement as other vehicles have not come in to use for common purposes. The use of spacecraft and rockets for the general

Original writing-persuasive writing-DRAFT Essay Example for Free

Original writing-persuasive writing-DRAFT Essay Are you aged eight to eighteen and searching for the hottest and latest games? Look no further. Join CGS the computer games society and we will certainly fulfil your gaming needs. Be it Nintendo, Xbox or even playstation/2 we know what you want and weve got it. CGS has been running for a simple 3 years and has already spread its wings nationwide. With just over 2 million members CGS is undoubtedly the fastest growing games society ever. We have all the experience, the inside and out knowledge and indeed the numbers to keep you up to date with whats hot and whats not. Here at CGS we give you what you want, we take in your ideas and criticism and channel it towards giving you what you need. With the number of members we have attained here in the UK we are assured success when we choose to go international. Visit our website at www. cgs. co. uk, we have just recently refurbished the site so be sure to visit and check out the new games forum where you can discuss, debate and argue the latest issues about consoles and games. We have a new games attachment (compliments of macromedia flash player) where you and your mates can battle it out to get the highest score. With over 60 brand new free online games your sure to be entertained, and if they dont why dont you check out our other batch of brand new downloadable games and no internet broadband system is needed, they can simply be downloaded with the 56. 6kb of your average computer. We also have the latest movie and games downloadables including pictures, backgrounds and wallpapers also for you to enjoy. Enter the new chat-rooms where we have a full-proof system of no one being able to see your details so you are completely protected. CGS was founded in 2001 by a group of young teen game fanatics. They had a large collection of games (300) between the four of them and they, just like you, loved playing, swapping and talking about games. Wherever they would go they would dispute about what was the coolest game out. They would test out each others games and criticise it. Sometimes they would hold tournaments and invite loads of their mates around. Soon they had their own sub-culture in school like the grungers, nerds, dossers and townies, they were known as the game-boys. More and more people started to join their little clan until it grew and they gave their selves a new name, CGS computer games society. They told their parents about the success of their group and they found out they could make a career out of this. Opportunity came their way when one of their parents company were looking for a new business opportunity. The father pessimistically agreed to ask the company if they were willing to sponsor CGS, much to every ones surprise the company agreed. As you can imagine they were over the moon and CGS has been an absolute success ever since. The boys, who were at the time sixteen are now nineteen year old young men who are doing what they love and getting paid for it. This is every young game fanatics dream and you can be a part of it. CGS is paving the way for young gamers giving you articles on careers in gaming yes thats what I said, careers in gaming, from games tester to official games critic. To be a games tester all you need to do is fill out a form that can be found on the CGS website. Unfortunately you have to be over eighteen to be an official games critic but dont let that demoralise you as there is probably a lot more game watching than playing! Apply now to make your dreams come true. Here at CGS as you can imagine we get a lot of post and email on how to make the company better suited for you but recently weve been getting post and email specifically telling us about rumours for the CGS magazine. Well we can definitely tell you that those, outrageously, notorious rumours are. TRUE. CGS are most definitely looking forward to publishing the first issue of the CGS magazine. The new magazine is fantastically entertaining with full graphic screen shots, published reader articles, amazing news on all the latest gossip for the new games and consoles, great new competitions with mind-blowing prizes. Be sure to carry the first ever issue of CGS magazine and enter the competitions so you can be in with a chance of winning one of the three top prizes; a fantastic holiday for you, an adult and 3 of your mates to Japan to visit the international centre of Nintendo in Tokyo, or you could win a trip to the XBOX party in London where you can test out there newest releases and get a wild goody bag, or you could even win a chance to come to CGS head quarters and interview our CEO and the founders of CGS. You must agree these prizes are undoubtedly cool! And you can enter, just simply log on to our website and subscribe to the new CGS magazine out on the thirteenth of September and with these few easy steps you could win one of these wicked prizes. As you probably have now established CGS is what everyones talking about and a full platinum membership is definitely top dog this Christmas. So grandma, dont go and knit them a grotty, un-cool woolly jumper, simply log on to the CGS website and apply your grandkids to the platinum membership where they will be in with a chance of winning the top prizes, a full monthly subscription to the brand new CGS magazine and much, much more. For more details please contact us at our free call 24 hour hotline; 0800-477 477.

India Is A Secular Country

India Is A Secular Country I think one of our contradictions and limitations of our democracy was conferral of group rights. Through this provision every religion most importantly Christianity and Muslims can have their own set of religious rights including having their own personal law and all the religious institutions are free to propaganda their own religion and raise money without taxes. Since 1947,Various religions,castes and tribes have been accommodated in our country through group rights, liberal constitutionalism and layered federalism.(Bajpai,2003) I think adopting group rights in our constitution it led to a form of liberalism discourse where as there is a conflict between state sovereignty and Individual rights. In India the concept of religion is deeply rooted, from time to time the ruling classes and the forces which want to control the society has always used religion to mobilise people for electoral votes. In the post-1947 period, all the political parties in order create their exclusive vote banks, they resort to linguistic, regional, religious identities which leads to polarisation among the masses. For eg: targeting Muslim vote banks, congress always appeased the fundamentalists of the community and agreed to all their religious demands while ignoring the basic issues of Muslims which would enable their political participation and economic and cultural development. The political parties to divert the attention of people from miserable ground realities will come up with deceptive slogans and issues. Exploiting the media they will create religious and communal differences among the common masses for their political interests. The decade of 1980s was a decade which saw secular-nationalis t discourse. Its the time when the Indian Identity got fragmented into various smaller sectional identities. To put it in Foucauldian terms Insurrection of littleselves . He notes that this modern form of power is characterized by an immensely flexible braiding of coercion and consent (Nigam,2000).In 80s, BJP, a Hindu nationalist, right wing party dubbed the Congresss secularism as Pseudo-secularism. The secular theory was condemned in the context that it did not respect the wishes and interests of Hindu majority; They felt Hindus were the ones most affected by it. They claimed it pampered the minority, especially Muslims and lower caste. By not respecting Hindu values, it snubs the Indian idea of secularism which calls for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾equal respect for all religions (sarva dharma-sambhav). According to BJP, true secularism, can only be achieved through true equality, which must start from the premise that Hindus constitute the majority population (Hansen 1996). The real pursuit of the discourse of Hindu Nationalism is to achieve equality through difference. The rise of religious identities in India is questioning the fundamental values of democracy. Though Hindu nationalism was steadily growing in 1980s it got radicalized in 1990s. The actors behind this radicalization were assertiveness of lower caste, underperforming political- administrative system (license Raj), increased insecurity because of Globalisation and feeling of dislocation of nation and national identity. The fervour of Hindu nationalism was at its peak at this time and struck chord with Hindu middle classes. Thus Nation-state became a vehicle to disseminate hindutva Ideology. This dogmatism resulted in the demolition of babri masjid. In this discourse to Hindu Nationalism, Muslims were demonized as operational others as they are constraining India to achieve modernity because their cultural obsoleteness and population overgrowth. Also they are considered to be the reason for the dislocation of the nation in the past and the contemporary times. They according to Hindu nationalism, also block the full realization of democracy due to their block voting and stunt the full development of a tolerant secularism due to their intransigence and intolerance (Hansen 1996). Thus the varied notions of authenticity, sovereignty and superiority among these religious groups especially Hindus and Muslims and discourse of rights and equality among these social groups lead to Hindu Nationalism. Hindu Nationalist discourse sought to portray the muslims as inherently doctrine, undemocratic, anti-modern and patriarchal. Hindutva forces like RSS,BJP used a religious language to create a political discourse. To acquire power Hindtuva forces came up with a political ideology to influence the voters and mobilise them on religious grounds by making them increasingly religious consciousness. Hindutvas manifested Hinduism was more hegemonic, chauvinistic and political in character. Hindutva politics used selective religious symbolism that forms a to promote a particular version of Hinduism that fitted the RSSs larger vision of the nation-state by wiping those ideologically inconvenient components of Hinduism. The whole Hindu nationalist movement promoted a view that religion no longer needs to be hidden from the public space, under the garb of secularism. Hindutva forces adapted an aggressive and chauvinistic form of Hinduism. For eg: They brought out the whole concept of Bharartha Matha who is pictured as one form of Hindu kali. During processions they calls for Hindu unity are common and one frequently heard chant is This country is a Hindu country! Its the Hindu peoples own country! Most prevalent of all is Om Kali! Jai Kali! Bharatmata ki jai! In other words, while proclaiming victory in Hindi to Mother India unambiguously understood as Bharat, Hindu India it is supremely violent Kali who is invoked and praised. RSSs activists say Kalis name inspires courage in them, but almost all slogans are plainly intended, too, to be aggressively Hindu and they are understood as such by Muslims and Christians, who hear them most vigorously, yelled out when a procession passes a mosque or church.  [1]   The thematic Hindu nationalism sought the support of religious institutions, orders and festivals in this regard. Among the various festivals, Hindutva has systematically targeted few religious festivals like Ganesh Chaturthi for political purposes. Through indoctrination of colourful, seductive processions the Hindutva forces on a daily basis succeeds in Hinduisation of the public spheres. Lot of Hindu festivals are no more a symbol of religious and cultural traditions but are symbols of communalism. In the name of nationalist ideology, Hindutva forces manifest Hinduism through various institutions in an attempt to make the public internalise Hinduvta ideas which indirectly influences the masses in everyday life. Thus these political elites artificially constructed this whole atmosphere of Hindu-Muslim antagonism through indoctrination and enfranchisement of manifested religious ideas and portrayed muslims as enemies. This resulted in systematic excorcision of muslims.Thus this resurgence of religious identities is not a problem of democracy or secularism its a problem of political vested interests executed through our democratic institutions. Muslims in India are increasingly facing socially exclusion. Muslims are looked at with suspicion and contempt. Its a very disturbing trend to see reports like Muslims are not able to find homes  [2]  and the highest number of untrailed cases are from muslim community  [3]  . How can we be a good democracy if Minorities of our country doesnt feel at peace? A liberal secular democracy shouldnot tolerate matters of faith triumphing over ourconstitution. Religion should not interfere in state affairs. Understanding tolerance as secularism is wrong.as citizens regardless of which community we belong to we must not tolerate certain things.

Its Time to Bring Back Religion and School Prayer in Public Schools Es

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Benjamin Franklin once declared, "Only a virtuous people are capable of freedom. As a nation becomes more corrupt and vicious they have more need of masters." In nineteen sixty-two the Supreme Court of the United States pronounced that a prayer recited in the public school was abusing our freedoms . In the court's opinion this was an act in violation to the first amendment, which calls for "a separation of church and state.'' This ruling was later extended to include the use of the Bible as well. A Supreme Court Justice, Hugo Black, put it in this often quoted statement "Neither a state or the Federal government can set up a church. Nor can pass laws that aid one religion, all religions, or prefer one religion over another. No tax in any amount, large or small, can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions whatever they may be called, or whatever form they may adapt to teach or practice religion." (686)    This issue,"separation of church and state," is a cloudy topic in the eyes of the modern world, but in reality the only gray clouds are primarily a result of ignorance of the original intent of the Founding Fathers who put the phrase in the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.    From the beginning of American government, state and legal papers, such as the Northwest Ordinance and state constitutions, were threaded with religion. In addition, many of the more eminent men who signed the Constitution, Bill of Rights, and other important documents clarified their intent. John Witherspoon, as quoted by David Barton in The Works of John Witherspoon, said: " What follows from this? That he is the best friend to American Liberty, who is most sincere and active in pro... ... capable of freedom.    Works Cited Barton, David. Movie: Education and the Founding Fathers. Aledo, Texas: Wall Builders, 1991. Evans, Stanton.M.,"The Myth of Seperation: What Wall?", January, 1995, n. pag. Researcher.sirs.com.WWW. Internet <http://researcher.sirs.com/cgi-bin+sep+of+church+and+state>October 13, 1998. Parry, Skousen and Andres W. Allison. The Real George Washington. Washington, D.C. U.S., National Center for Constitutional Studies,1991. Skousen, Cleon, W. The Making of America. Washington D.C.:National Center of Constitutional Studis, 1986. Taylor, Earl, Jr. Letter to American Citizens.1 Oct, 1998. letter not documented. Ed. Earl Taylor. Malta, Idaho: National Center for Constitutional Studies, 1998. Taylor, Earl. "No Title" None given. 1, Oct. 1981 1A.< http://www.xmission.com/>/~NCCS-20 Oct. 1998.

Week 2 Cmgt 554

Patton-Fuller Community Hospital is a prominent hospital that is known for specializing in radiology, physical therapy, pharmacy, and surgery. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital was founded in 1975. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital has been providing quality care to all its patients both children and adults alike. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital patients are accustomed to the quality service that the hospital provides with a focus on the different programs and services to help maintain a high degree of care for its patients.Patton-Fuller Community Hospital has an abundance of technology and can be segmented into many different areas providing an in-depth review of the advancements and shortfalls of organization. The networking department has the challenge of dissecting and breaking down the current infrastructure to ensure a comprehensive analysis is done to provide a solution that will last for the three to five years. Identifying the right solutions and architecture is key to ensuri ng the growth of the network infrastructure to support the demands of the current health care industry.The methods of how Information transmits within the hospital and externally are: Based on the Network Diagrams the Network has two segments; Administrative and Clinical. The backbone network structure for the entire hospital is 1000 Base T. The nodes of the administrative function network utilize CAT 6 cabling. The nodes of the administrative functions network are connected to an Ethernet backbone. A single mode fiber cable, transmitting 1000 Base F, physically connects nodes attached to the clinical segment. All nodes attached to the clinical function segment is physically connected by single mode fiber cable and transmitting 1000 Base F.Both segments connect via a network bridge. A DHCP server provides all workstations on the administrative function segment with IP addresses. A good security practice for the network black/white and color laser printers are to utilize a static IP, so the MAC address is registered with the DHCP server to prevent malicious activity. To prevent any unwanted malicious activity the Nodes on the clinical function segment IP addresses are static IP’s. The DHCP service is run on the Exchange Server housed in the IT data center. The domain naming solution is also hosted on this server.Active Directory centrally manages user account management in the domain. All web traffic is relay through a proxy that masked the identity of the IP address. To ensure the hospital has adequate Disaster Recovery (DR) capability the entire hospital has a complete power backup system that automatically cuts over to a large diesel motor generator set. The Patton-Fuller Community hospital network bridge connects to the logical network. The bridge connects multiple internal segments at the data link layer, which is Layer 2 of the OSI model.The Data Link Layer enables data to be transferred between network entities and might provide the means to detec t and possibly correct errors that may occur in the Physical Layer. The hospital’s network is an Ethernet network. Within the Patton-Fuller Community Hospital architecture the physical layer can be found within the appliance in the operating room and intensive care unit along with the patients rooms. The data link layer is where the physical transmission of data is managed. This creates and distributes messages boundaries. At the network layer the management of the data is routed where the routing takes place.This is the Internet level of the protocol stack. Routers are designed to forward packets of data to other routers and active switches. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital data center uses a Cisco router model 7609 to perform these tasks. At the transport layer it is responsible for breaking large strings of data into manageable smaller packets. Error checking and elimination of duplicate packets is done at this layer as well. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital utilizes a net work gateway device to interface both their clinical and administrative networks with the Internet. At the session layer it manages the session for all users on the network.The session layer also manages the amount of time spent to transferring the data. A network gateway is considered a session layer device. At the presentation layer this layer is concerned with formatting, and resolving differences of data format between two different machines. It also takes the data from applications format to the network format. One example of this method is the Advanced Encryption Standard utilized by the Patton-Fuller Community Hospital. At the application layer it defines the interfaces for communication and data transfer. This is also the end user’s access to the Internet.One good example of the application layer would web pages. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital has the backbone infrastructure that provides adequate bandwidth to support video and other high quality of service services . However it does not have the necessary requirements for future needs. With the sale and deployment of networked equipment within the medical industry it is becoming more apparent that Patton-Fuller Community Hospital invest their future. References Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Virtual Organization, (Apollo group, 2011) https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Healthcare/PFCH/index. asp

Article Review Essays

Article Review Essays Article Review Essay Article Review Essay Article Review PSY 425 February 21, 2011 Sandra Coswatte Article Review It is very easy to assume that when a person has a drug abuse problem; it is their own isolated problem. Who is at risk of drug abuse Is it teenagers, adults, young children or their parents There are no specifics. Anybody can be a victim of drug abuse. This sickness affects families, friends and society. When drug abuse exists, everyone becomes part of the problem. Let us hope that all people will help become part of the solution. Effects on a Family Each member of a family is affected by one member of the familyâ„ ¢s drug addiction problem. The user is so occupied by the constant use of drugs, marital problems are affected. Families are forced to deal with lame excuses, theft of personal and private property and persistent late night arrivals home. Many of the drug users may also be plagued with sexually transmitted diseases if intravenous drug use is participated in. Many pregnant women within a family face the risk of contracting the HIV virus or putting the baby and themselves at risk by possibly contracting many other types of sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore, the mother and the child may both contract the disease (Use no drugs, 2009). Family Members Affected Addictions may cause interpersonal problems within the family and with many members of the family. Children tend to suffer and not understand what the continued problem may be. Undue anger, confusion, scolding and awkward behavior affect children and are often faced in a dysfunctional family with a drug user. Children may grow afraid of the drug user as a parent. A drug userâ„ ¢s partner may become disgusted with the lying, excuses and financial turmoil with arguments involving missing money from bank accounts. Emotions are not unheard of drug users or other family members becoming violent. Slapping, kicking and hitting may be attributed to the disgust of other family members toward the drug abuser. The drug user may also be violent back toward these family members. Verbal abuse may also play a role in drug use. Sexual dysfunction may also occur when a partner becomes uninterested in the drug use and ignore the relationship in its entirety. Sadly enough, many relatio nships may encounter hardships such as legal separation, divorce and separation of the children from the abuser (Lameman, 2011). Available Resources Family therapy is available to not only the drug abuser but also the entire family affected by these drug problems. Family members will be able to rebuild their lives while the drug user may rebuild his or hers as well. Generational issues must also be discussed related to the drug or alcohol abuse problems. Addiction must stop within the family and also with the next generations of family. When an abuser and family members create their own intervention, this means that all members care and the abuser care. It is an important factor to show the drug abuser that the family members care. Information about the problem may be discussed throughout all of the members with the abuser. Group therapy involving all family members may be able to re strengthen the family as a unit. Currently, in the world, dysfunctional families do exist, and this is far too common. Many people think that they have a perfect family or may be embarrassed about their family. One thing to consider is that there are no perfect families. All people will be involved in family conflicts whether we like this or not (Lameman, 2011). According to Liddle and Dakofs (1995) Family-based treatment of adult drug abuse problems has also advanced in important ways with the recent systematic application and testing of engagement techniques and behavioral coupleâ„ ¢s therapy approaches. The current review characterizes and discusses the developmental status of this subspecialty and outlines areas in which continued research attention is needed. Parenting practices including low monitoring, ineffective discipline, and poor communication are also important factors in the initiation and maintenance of drug abuse problems among youth. Other family variables have been shown to exert a strong protective influence against drug problems. For instance, youth whose parents strongly disapprove of drug use are significantly less likely to report current use of an illicit drug. Because of the familys important role in drug abuse initiation, escalation, and recovery, family-based interventions have been of interest to drug abuse treatment researchers for over 20 years (Liddle and Dakoff, 1995). According to Rowe and Liddle (2003) Teenage drug abusers can be difficult to engage and retain in drug treatment, and the family dysfunction is linked to a range of adolescent problem behaviors also creates serious obstacles to providing adequate services to these youth. Family-based approaches have the advantage of addressing some of the very barriers, such as parental resistance to change (Rowe and Liddle, 2003). Conclusion Families must unite to interact, educate and inform to help their family member to overcome the evils of addiction. Families cannot achieve this desired result alone. Several reputable and highly praised and accredited substance abuse programs are available to assist in successful intervention. The common goal is to restore the family to acceptable functionality, rid the drug user of his or her addiction problem and attempt to help resuscitate societal functions with the abuser, and the family. What exists is much work and research to be completed to help create the best programs to assist drug abusers and their families. Ford besides points out that for each advantage? scheme provides us? ? disadvantage exists? therefore: Strategy sets way but may make winkers on our thought. It focuses attempt but may make group-think . It provides consistence but may falsify the world of? state of affairs through over-simplification. Even after these cautions Ford is speedy to state that scheme is decidedly of import? or instead the usage of it is. Strategy resolves the large issues so that people can acquire on with the small inside informations. The key construct here is incremental alteration. The thought of persons larning? who so act upon the administration? and the administration so larning? introduces the impression of emergent scheme . Emergent scheme acknowledges the administration s capacity to take action? respond to feedback? and alteration? until the administration finds? form that becomes its scheme. In other words? the administration can experiment. In emergent scheme? both persons and collectives can be strategians. If an administration is faced with? genuinely fresh state of affairs so? procedure of larning demands to be engaged to calculate out what is traveling on. However? in? crisis state of affairs? ? really calculated scheme will be needed to acquire out of the state of affairs. Be careful of larning we are warned. Schemes developed through the acquisition procedure do non emerge on convenient agendas. How could you use the elements of the article to you going an effectual leader ( how could this article be used to assist do you a better leader ) Ford argues that scheme emerges over clip as purposes collide with and suit? altering world. Therefore? one might get down with? position and conclude that it calls for? certain place? which is to be achieved by manner of? carefully crafted program? with the eventual result and scheme reflected in? pattern evident in determination and actions over clip. This form in determinations and actions defines what Ford called realized or emergent scheme. There are? figure of ways to see scheme formation. Many respected concern writers have for several decennaries debated and tried to convert the universe that their manner is the right manner to see the procedure. The history of scheme theories is to some extent similar to that of administration theory: Get downing with? mechanistic thought of strategic planning and design? newer attacks trade with scheme in? more holistic mode? accepting that scheme can merely be planned to? certain extent? whereas? important portion is? consequence of other effects during the execution procedure within the administration ( alleged emergent schemes ) . Ford? one of the taking writers within the scheme formation field? has introduced 10 more or less typical theory schools? each stand foring? particular position on scheme or underscoring certain issues within the field. Although emerging in? historical order? each school remains of import? retaining its group of protagonists. There are obvious advantages and dangers to both attacks. The normative schools are clear and consistent. This makes treatment and transmittal of thoughts easier? but it can besides further asepsis in thought and application. The descriptive schools tend to be fuller and richer? leting for more experimentation and invention. At the same clip? they can stop up in tangled confusion? bring forthing many eventualities and multiple positions that stymie application. How you feel about the article ( what is your reaction to the article-do you agree with it or non and why ) In each of the mentioned schools? the procedure of scheme formation itself is regarded as something of? black box none of them are able to clearly depict how an person or group is able to jump from the aggregation and analysis of information to the conceptualization of alternate classs of action. Each school offers some utile constructs? and some strong points to help apprehension? but has its disadvantages every bit good. Ford faults most of the above mentioned attacks with inordinate item? hierarchy? construction? analysis and formalism. Harmonizing to him? these attacks are based on several flawed premises? the most of import of which are: that the strategy-making procedure can be objectively quantified and programmed in? rational mode that you can foretell and program for discontinuities that it can assist the company to take an advanced wide position and aid in scheme formation He argues further that? in fact? all this attending to analysis? item and formal procedure? really blinds directors and prevents them from deducing? meaningful? advanced scheme. Ford s preferable school is the larning school? because of the accent that it places on an administration integrating input from its environment? and accommodating over clip. The Learning school is an emergent theoretical account? where scheme is seen as to be emerging in the procedure of action. In this school? strategians do non come up with? to the full formed theory ready for execution? instead strategists converge on forms of behavior that work ( in given state of affairss ) ? over clip. The key here is looking at how scheme is really formed. This school sees the division between thought and moving? preparation and execution? as unnatural and counter-productive. Ford is? superb strategian and he is unlike any other concern school professor. He likes to arouse and uses nontraditional illustrations. For case? in his article Crafting scheme he compares the traditional strategic planning procedure with? individual craftsman? ? thrower. The crafting image of the thrower captures the procedure by which effectual schemes come to be. The planning image? long popular in literature? distorts these procedures and thereby misguides administrations that embrace it unreservedly. In his article he explains the grounds why strategic planning is uneffective and farther why schemes do non necessitate to be calculated and can emerge or organize. Ford concluded that pull offing scheme is to craft idea and action? control and acquisition? stableness and alteration . Mentions Robert C. Ford ; Celeste P.M. Wilderom ; John Caparella ; Strategically crafting a customer-focused civilization: an inductive instance survey. Journal of Strategy and Management Vol. 1 No. 2, 2008. pp. 143-167. Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1755-425X. DOI 10.1108/17554250810926348

Discussion Questions Week 15 Essays

Discussion Questions Week 15 Essays Discussion Questions Week 15 Essay Discussion Questions Week 15 Essay Essay Topic: Discussion We Real Cool Name: Tutor: Course: Date: Discussion Questions Week 15 Section 8 1. What is a confidence game? A confidence game describes the manner in which the victim loses property or cash (Ritti and Levy, 263). It involves acquiring advantage of the victim’s confidence in the greater echelons of organizational hierarchy by the swindler. Usually, the swindler gains the trust of the victim in a specific manner and in turn, the swindler relies on another inside person in order to trick the victim. 2. What is meant by a corporate cooling out? Usually, the cooling out by a corporation involves taking a step towards alleviating the victim of a confidence game. Usually, victims of confidence games face low self-esteem and lack of confidence due to the deduction that the trust, which they offered to a particular person, the swindler, is shattered. 3. What is the purpose of a corporate cooling out? As such, since a corporate cooling out involves taking steps in alleviating victims of a confidence game, the purpose of the corporate cooling out is to ensure that the victim or the mark, is provided with face-saving grounds due to him or her being deprived of position or rank. 4. What is ‘transmotion’ and how are employees typically transmoted? Transmotion is the process of integrating transfer and demotion (Ritti and Levy, 264). In this process, employees are transferred from one docket to another, in the event, the employees are transferred from a higher wage level to a lower wage level, and as such, transmotion corresponds to a downward transfer. 5. What is the purpose of transmoting employees instead of just retiring or firing them? The purpose of transmoting employees is to allow for the organization to continue making use of its employees as beneficial assets to the organization. This is because terminating the activities of a division poses drastic impacts on the corporation’s performance and as such, transmotion becomes practicable in order to cool out the mark and save employees (Ritti and Levy, 264). Chapter 56 1. What are some reasons or arguments to support Ted’s view of dual career system? A dual career system provides employees with the opportunity of staying within a technical career or transferring to a management career. In this case, Ted alleges that the dual career system only forces the opportunity for employees to gain retention due to the different sets of tasks they possess without considering the objective. As such, the dual career system is inconsistent since a particular task such as a cool out can be performed by both management and expert counselors. 2. What are some arguments to support Kal’s view of the dual career system? According to Kal, the dual career system possesses an opportunity for advancing in management and another opportunity in another parallel vocation such as counseling. As such, Kal notes that a corporate cool out for a mark can be performed by both counselors, also known as coolers and the management (Ritti and Levy, 266).3. Are the top staff managers always top technical people who simply don’t have the skills to supervise others? Why or why not? Usually, most staff managers do not possess the skills of supervision. This is because most of them do not possess a different set of skills required in both technical and management fields that usually depend on centralized and decentralized authority within the organization. Alternately, top technical people usually gain promotions based on their merit and as such, the aspect of supervision becomes ignored.4. Have you in your previous experience been a part of a dual career system? Yes. I was required to possess the technical skills of operating a computer. Simultaneously, irrespective of my technical background, I was required to supervise and counsel other novel employees on performing the work and delegating specific duties to employees as well.5. Does the â€Å"dual career ladder† concept make sense? The dual career concept indeed makes sense in every organization. One of the main aspects that allows for the support of the dual career concept involves the retention of employees. Employees that possess a different set of skills that border on the aspect of technical and management aptitudes can be a great resource and as such, prevent the corporation from retrenching or firing its workers.Chapter 581. In terms of the four steps of the confidence game, what is going on at the laboratory?Four StepsStep one: The mark learns that he or she can make a real killing . . .Step two: Some form of confidence building activity . . . .Step three: The â€Å"sting.† Angry and humiliated, the mark contemplates action. Even more than money, it is the loss of self-esteem that motivates the mark to action.Step four: The â€Å"cool out.† The cooler’s job is to convince the mark to accept the loss stoically, without protest. In the first step, the victim is confident that he will receive maximum payoff by either acquiring something at a lesser price than its worth or through increasing his money. In the second step, the victim is allowed to seize the wager of the operator within the game at the time he bids his own wager. The third step involves the victim losing his wager of which he loses his money and decides to take action. The fourth step, the victim is convinced of letting go of taking action and instead calm down as he regains his confidence (Ritti and Levy, 263).2. Why does Kerry say that â€Å"If Ted actually understood the process he wouldn’t be half as effective†? Kerry says that because he believes that Kerry does not understand the cool out process and as such, if he grasped the concept, he would be effectual.3. Are there other industries (besides basic research) which use the concept of the confidence game? The concept of confidence game can also be used in the service industry. Usually, the concept of the confidence game is used effectively in casinos. Usually, customers are allowed to wager their bids against the operator and usually win after the initial round, but as their confidence increases, the operator takes advantage and takes their wager.4. Do you think the confidence game works for these industries? The concept of the confidence game works effectively for these industry. This is because most marks or victims do not report the swindle based on the assertion that they understood the risk of entering into the game.Chapter 601. Why does the company go through this charade instead of just â€Å"dumping Drake and moving on?† The company does not admit to dumping Drake for someone who is more flexible due to the importance Drake holds within the organization. The company acknowledges that Drake has been a considerable asset to the organization and thus is conflicted in firing him since he is responsible for the company’s current position (Ritti and Levy, 288).2. Can Kerry possibly refuse the offer of distinguished scientist? Offering Kerry the job of Distinguished Scientist actually echoed transmotion in the sense that he was transferred to a new position but he had been stripped of his power. As such, Kerry would object to the appointment based on his dual career experience.3. Why was ploy #3 more successful than the first two? Ploy #3 was indeed more successful since it allowed the firm to transfer Kerry to a new position but using a safer context.4. Do you know anyone that has been cooled out? No, I do not know any person who has ever been cooled out. Ritti, R. Richard and Steve Levy. The Ropes to Skip and the Ropes to Know: Studies in Organizational Theory and Behavior. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, 2010. Print.

Freud vs Adler Theories essays

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Pepsi co Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pepsi co - Essay Example Later the company was purchased by an individual named Charles Guth who already owned a candy producing business recognized as Loft (Pepsico.com, 2015). Guth later merged both the companies and started selling Pepsi-Cola in his own stores that were developed to sell candy. The company’s name was once again altered to Pepsi Co. when the company experienced a merger with Frito-Lay. Pepsi Co. no longer only deals in the sale of soft drinks and has expanded its business in various areas of food production and processing. It sells several carbonated drinks under its name such as Pepsi and Mountain Dew and it even sells several soft drinks for people who are concerned with their weight and diet (Pepsico.com, 2015). It has even been producing and distributing energy drinks as well as sports drinks and is even serving the community with food items such as Lay’s potato chips as well as Cheetos. The company is operational throughout the world such as in European as well as Asian regions and is one of the most profitable

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Communication in the work place - Research Paper Example In this paper, we will discuss interpersonal communication in the workplace settings. We will also develop strategies for active listening, critical listening, and empathic listening. Along with that, we will also discuss the impact of gender and culture on interpersonal communication and will explain the principles and misconceptions related to effective workplace communication. Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal workplace communication is a form of communication, which takes place between two or more individuals in any workplace setting. Interpersonal communication is basically the exchange of information, expressions, and symbols between people. Interpersonal communication depends on the type of relationships and the level of understanding that exists between the individuals. For example, interpersonal communication taking place between a person and his or her family members will be different from the interpersonal communication that takes place between an employee of a com pany and the manager or boss of that company. Level of understanding between the individuals is the key towards effective interpersonal communication. Less understanding results into ineffective communication whereas good understanding and patience result into effective and result-oriented communication. Therefore, we can say that interpersonal communication has a deep association with the level of understanding and the nature of relationships that exists between people. Interpersonal Communication in the Workplace Environment Interpersonal workplace communication is different from normal interpersonal communication. In workplace settings,

3th Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

3th Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh Essay Sandy Hook Shooting: Is It Time to Change the Second Amendment? Sandy Hook Shooting Is It Time to Change the Second Amendment About 80 million Americans, representing half of U.S. homes, own more than 223 million guns. The debate about the Second Amendment has been fierce, but after the horrible atrocity that just happened in Newtown, Connecticut, the time has come to rethink the amendment and change it. The change of the amendment in terms of availability of weapons, and who has the right to possess them, would create a safer society and lower the gun homicide rate in the U. S. — a figure that currently makes the U.S. the highest in the world. The change would include a certain necessary procedure in order to get a license for possessing a gun. Moreover, this procedure should include medical checks, full criminal history, and a police interview to prove they actually need a gun. Atrocities like what happened today could theoretically be prevented if it were more difficult to come into possession of weapons in the U.S. At this moment, there is a widely accepted misconception about the history of the amendment and its purpose within American society. When the founding fathers implemented Second Amendment the main idea behind it was to provide citizens with a way to oppose possible tyrannical government. However, today it is widely believed that the Second Amendment is there to provide you with a way to protect yourself from other individuals. The debate is also present over whether the Second Amendment provides for collective or individual rights. However, in 2008, in the District of Columbia v. Heller case before the Supreme Court, the Court ruled that the Second Amendment protects an individuals right to possess a firearm, unconnected to service in a militia and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home. In a 2011 Gallup poll, only 26% of American citizens said they would support the handgun ban. When Gallup first asked Americans this question in 1959, 60% favored banning handguns. But since 1975, the majority of Americans have opposed such a measure, with opposition around 70% in recent years. Americans have shifted to a more pro-gun view on gun laws, with record-low support for bans on handguns, assault rifle bans, and stricter gun laws in general. This remains true even as high-profile incidents of gun violence continue across the United States. The reasons for this ideological shift do not appear to be reactions to the crime situation, and are probably rather related to a widespread acceptance of guns by the  American public. It is widely believed that having the right to bear arms contributes to higher security. By enabling a great number of people to carry weapons, the society as a whole will not benefit from greater security. Moreover, it will become more unstable. The control of the weapons must be toughened and the right to possess and bear them restricted. The cases of shootings on American campuses and in schools are numerous and an argument that stricter gun control laws should be enforced stands strong. With medical and background checks, people who want to possess a gun won’t be stopped. However, the chance that someone with a mental disorder will have access to arsenal gets lower. The U.S. has the highest rate of gun ownership and of gun homicide in the developed world, it can definitely be argued that the amount of guns present the homicide rate will also be reduced. In 2012, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton agreed with the U.N. to set a timetable for the regulation of the arms trade between the states. The United States joined 152 other countries in support of the Arms Trade Treaty Resolution, which establishes the dates for the 2012 UN conference intended to further regulate gun trade around the world. Many in the U.S. have seen this treaty as an introduction to domestic firearm control, even though this is wrong. In order to change the Second Amendment, a two-thirds majority in the Senate is required and at this point chances of changing that happening are slim. Throughout the world there are different regulations about gun ownership. Great Britain banned private ownership of guns in 1997; Australia also followed the same path. A 1999 Harvard School of Public Health study revealed that, Americans feel less safe as more people in their community begin to carry guns, and that 90% believe that regular citizens should be prohibited from bringing guns into most public places, including stadiums, restaurants, hospitals, college campuses, and places of worship. We should not have the illusion that the world can overnight become a safe place where guns are not needed. These are dark times for those who demand sane regulation of gun ownership. The courts come and go. Public opinion and political power, like the common law, changes and evolves. Guns must not be accessible to all and they must be restricted. By restricting the gun availability, the possibility for situations like the Newtown massacre would be dramatically lowered. Even if we assume that one day a tyrannical government may come to power, under the current circumstances, with the U.S.  government in possession of tanks, airplanes and drones, one can argue that the light weapons held by the citizens would not be enough. The argument of the founding fathers therefore becomes obsolete and the amendment must be changed to ensure the greater safety of American citizens. The Second Amendment Eleven years later, after the war for independence had been won, our Founders assembled once again to draw up a plan for governing the new nation. That plan would be ratified two years later as the Constitution of the United States of America. To understand the true meaning of the Second Amendment, it is important to understand the men who wrote and ratified it, and the issues they faced in creating the Constitution. During the debate over the ratification of the Constitution, there was significant concern that a  strong federal government would trample on the individual rights of citizensas had happened under British rule. To protect the basic rights of Americansrights which each person possesses and that are guaranteed, but not granted, by any governmentthe framers added the first ten amendments to the Constitution as a package. Those amendments have come to be known as the Bill of Rights. They represent the fundamental freedoms that are at the heart of our society, including fre edom of speech, freedom of religion and the right of the people to keep and bear arms. The History of Our Rights The British people did not have a written constitution as we have in the United States. However, they did have a tradition of protecting individual rights from government. Those rights were set forth in a number of documents, including the Magna Carta and the English Declaration of Rights. The Founders who wrote the Bill of Rights drew many of their ideas from the traditions of English common law, which is the body of legal tradition and court decisions that acted as an unwritten constitution and as a balance to the power of English kings. The Founders believed in the basic rights of men as described in written legal documents and in unwritten legal traditions. One of these was the right of the common people to bear arms, which was specifically recognized in the English Declaration of Rights of 1689. However, the Founders also recognized that without a blueprint for what powers government could exercise, the rights of the people would always be subject to being violated. The Constitution, and particularly the Bill of Rights, was created to specifically describe the powers of government and the rights of individuals government was not allowed to infringe. 1. Does the Second Amendment Describe An Individual Right? Some people claim that there is no individual right to own firearms. However, anyone familiar with the principles upon which this country was founded will recognize this claim`s most glaring flaw: in America, rightsby definitionbelong to individuals. The Founding Fathers created the Bill of Rights to protect the rights of individuals. The freedoms of religion, speech, association, and the rest all refer to individual liberties. The Second Amendment right to keep and bear  arms is no different. When the first Congress penned the Second Amendment in 1789, it took the wording, with some style changes, from a list of rights introduced by James Madison of Virginia. Congressman Madison had promised the Virginia ratifying convention that he would sponsor a Bill of Rights if the Constitution were ratified. The amendments he wrote would not change anything in the original Constitution. Madison repeatedly insisted that nothing in the original Constitution empowered the federal government to infringe on the rights of the people, specifically including the right of individuals to have guns. In constructing the Bill of Rights, Madison followed the recommendations of the state ratifying conventions. Though they ratified the Constitution, several of those conventions had recommended adding provisions about specific rights. Five conventions recommended adding a right to arms; by comparison, only three conventions mentioned free speech. Members of Congress had no doubt as to the amendment`s meaning. They and their contemporaries were firearm owners, hunters and in some cases gun collectors (George Washington and Thomas Jefferson exchanged letters about their collections). They had just finished winning their freedoms with gun in hand, and would, in their next session, pass legislation requiring most male citizens to buy and own at least one firearm and 30 rounds of ammunition. The only reason there is a controversy about the Second Amendment is that on this subject many highly vocal and influential 21st Century Americans reject what seemed elementary common senseand basic principleto our Founding Fathers. The words of the founders make clear they believed the individual right to own firearms was very important: Thomas Jefferson said, No free man shall be debarred the use of arms. Patrick Henry said, The great object is, that every man be armed. Richard Henry Lee wrote that, to preserve liberty it is essential that the whole body of people always possess arms. Thomas Paine noted, [A]rms . . . discourage and keep the invader and the  plunderer in awe, and preserve order in the world as well as property. Samuel Adams warned that: The said Constitution be never construed to authorize Congress to infringe the just liberty of the press, or the rights of conscience; or to prevent the people of the United States, who are peaceable citizens, from keeping their own arms. The Constitution and Bill of Rights repeatedly refer to the rights of the people and to the powers of government. The Supreme Court has recognized that the phrase the people, which is used in numerous parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble, the Second, Fourth, Ninth and Tenth Amendments, refers to people as individuals. In each case, rights belonging to the people are without question the rights of individuals. Dozens of essays have been written by the nation`s foremost authorities on the Constitution, supporting the traditional understanding of the right to arms as an individual right, protected by the Second Amendment. 2. Isn`t the well regulated militia the National Guard? Gun control supporters insist that the right of the people really means the right of the state to maintain the militia, and that this militia is the National Guard. This is not only inconsistent with the statements of America`s Founders and the concept of individual rights, it also wrongly defines the term militia. Centuries before the Second Amendment was drafted, European political writers used the term well regulated militia to refer to all the people, armed with their own firearms or swords, bows or spears, led by officers they chose. America`s Founders defined the militia the same way. Richard Henry Lee wrote, A militia when properly formed are in fact the people themselves . . . and include all men capable of bearing arms. . . . Making the same point, Tench Coxe wrote that the militia are in fact the effective part of the people at large. George Mason asked, [W]ho are the militia? They consist now of the  whole people, except a few public officers. The Militia Act of 1792, adopted the year after the Second Amendment was ratified, declared that the Militia of the United States (members of the militia who had to serve if called upon by the government) included all able-bodied adult males. The National Guard was not established until 1903. In 1920 it was designated one part of the Militia of the United States. The other part included other able-bodied adult men, plus some other men and women. However, in 1990, the Supreme Court held that the federal government possesses complete power over the National Guard. The Guard is the third part of the United States Army, along with the regular Army and Army Reserve. The Framers` independent well regulated militia remains as they intended, America`s armed citizenry. 3. Have the Courts or Congress ever studied the meaning of the Second Amendment? On June 26, 2008, the Supreme Court issued its decision in the case of District of Columbia v. Heller. In a 5-4 decision, the Court upheld the ruling of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit that the Second Amendment protects a right to possess firearms for individuals, and not just a right to have them as part of a militia or the National Guard. The Court also held that the Second Amendment is not meant to protect a â€Å"state’s right† to maintain a militia or National Guard. The decision struck down the District’s bans on handguns and on having any gun in usable condition as violations of the Second Amendment, and prohibited the District from denying a person a permit to carry a firearm within his home on without cause. Highlights of the majority opinion, written by Justice Antonin Scalia and joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Samuel Alito, Anthony Kennedy, and Clarence Thomas, can be found here: /Issues/FactSheets/Read.aspx?id=235issue=010. The Court ruled that â€Å"[T]he operative clause [of the Second Amendment] codifies a ‘right of the people.† And went on to explain: â€Å"In all six other provisions of the Constitution that mention ‘the people,’ the term unambiguously refers to all members of the political community, not an unspecified subset. . . .’† Put plainly, the Heller decision says that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess firearms for legal purposes, including for sporting use and for self-defense. In coming to this conclusion, the courts examined the meaning of the words in the Second Amendment, including the meaning of â€Å"arms† the phrase â€Å"to bear arms† and to â€Å"keep â€Å" arms. The court also carefully considered the meaning of â€Å"militia† and the relationship between the militia and the â€Å"right to keep and bear arms.† In the majority opinion, the court clearly rejected the idea of a â€Å"collective or group right, that is, a right held by the states. The court found that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess firearms. The full impact of the Heller decision is still not known. States and cities with restrictive gun laws are now facing challenges to their specific laws and future court cases will continue to define the how the Second Amendment protects individual rights and what types of gun laws will be allowed. Before the Heller decision, the most thorough examination of the Second Amendment and related issues ever undertaken by a court is the 2001 decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in U.S. v. Emerson. In Emerson, the Appeals court devoted dozens of pages of its decision to studying the Second Amendment’s history and text. It began by examining the Supreme Court’s decision in U.S. v. Miller (1939), which individual rights opponents claim supports the notion of the Second Amendment protecting only a â€Å"collective right† of a state to maintain a militia. The Fifth Circuit disagreed. â€Å"We conclude that Miller does not support the collective rights or sophisticated collective rights approach to the Second Amendment.† The court then turned to the history and text of the Second Amendment. â€Å"There is no evidence in the text of the Second Amendment, or any other part of the Constitution, that the words ‘the people’ have a different connotation within the Second Amendment than when employed elsewhere in the Constitution. In fact, the text of the Constitution, as a whole, strongly suggests that the words ‘the people’ have precisely the same meaning within the Second Amendment as without. And as used throughout the Constitution, ‘the people’ have ‘rights’ and ‘powers,’ but federal and state governments only have ‘powers’ or ‘authority’, never ‘rights.’† The court concluded, â€Å"We have found no historical evidence that the Second Amendment was intended to convey militia power to the states, limit the federal government’s power to maintain a standing army, or applies only to members of a select militia while on active duty. All of the evidence indicates that the Second Amendment, like other parts of the Bill of Rights, applies to and protects individual Americans. We find that the history of the Second Amendment reinforces the plain meaning of its text, namely that it protects individual Americans in their right to keep and bear arms whether or not they are a member of a select militia or performing active military service or training.† Four times in American history, Congress has enacted legislation declaring its clear understanding of the Second Amendment`s meaning. Congress has never given any support for the newly minted argument that the amendment fails to protect any right of the people, and instead ensures a â€Å"collective right† of states to maintain militias. In 1866, 1941, 1986, and 2005, Congress passed laws to reaffirm this guarantee of personal freedom and to adopt specific safeguards to enforce it. The Freedmen’s Bureau Act of 1866 was enacted to protect the rights of freed slaves to keep and bear arms following the Civil War and at the outset of the chaotic Reconstruction period. The act declared protection for the â€Å"full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings concerning personal liberty, personal security, and . . . estate . . . including the constitutional right to bear arms. . . .† The Property Requisition Act of 1941 was intended to reassure Americans that preparations for war would not include repressive or tyrannical policies against firearms owners. It was passed shortly before the sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, which led the United States into World War II. The act declared that it would not â€Å"authorize the requisitioning or require the registration of any firearms possessed by any individual for his personal protection or sport,† or â€Å"to impair or infringe in any manner the right of any individual to keep and bear arms. . . .† The two more recent laws sought to reverse excesses involving America’s legal system. In the Firearms Owners’ Protection Act of 1986, Congress reacted to overzealous enforcement policies under the federal firearms law: The Congress finds that the rights of citizens to keep and bear arms under the second amendment to the United States Constitution; to security against illegal and unreasonable searches and seizures under the fourth amendment; against uncompensated taking of property, double jeopardy, and assurance of due process of law under the fifth amendment; and against unconstitutional exercise of authority under the ninth and tenth amendments; require additional legislation to correct existing firearms statutes and enforcement policies. . . . And in 2005, as a result of lawsuits aiming to destroy America’s firearms industry, Congress passed the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act to end this threat to the Second Amendment. The act begins with findings that go to the heart of the matter: Congress finds the following: (1) The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. (2) The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the rights of individuals, including those who are not members of a militia or engaged in military service or training, to keep and bear arms. 4. What are gun control laws? Gun control is the popular name for laws that regulate, limit or prohibit the purchase and possession of firearms. Gun control laws are usually  proposed on the grounds they will stop the criminal misuse of firearms, but they are almost never actually targeted at criminals. Supporters of gun control most commonly call for laws that restrict law-abiding people, the only ones who will obey them. Laws prohibiting the possession of a firearm are unlikely to stop a person willing to commit robbery, assault or murder. On the other hand, honest citizens who respect the law will submit to the gun control laws, even if the laws do not make them safer.

Mental Development of Children with Down Syndrome

Mental Development of Children with Down Syndrome Down Syndrome Research Paper Brandon D. Coronado Learning and Cognition All psychology students, at some point during their studies, learn about the topic of mental development in children. However, students sometimes fail to learn how those with disabilities differ when it comes to mental development. The typical child’s development differ dramatically when compared to children with a development disability. One of a large number of developments disabilities is Down syndrome, where an individual learns and functions on a different level than others. Children with this developmental disability primarily differ in their cognitive development, socialization, education and attachment. Pamela May, author of Child Development in Practice: Responsive Teaching and Learning from Birth to Five defines cognitive development as â€Å"The mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning and judgment† (2011, 16). Jean Piaget, a recognized psychologist, expresses that development split among four phases; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. As stated by Cicchetti and Beeghly (1990), adolescents with and those without disabilities experience the same stages. Nevertheless, adolescents with developmental disabilities are believed to proceed through these various phases gradually compared to other adolescents with no developmental disabilities (Hill McCune-Nicolich 1981). Within a study concluded by Hill and McCune-Nicolich’s, children with Down syndrome developed at a much slower rate within the preoperational phase when compared to children without Down syndrome. The group comprised of adolescents with Down syndrome generating outcomes consisting of a 50% failure in development throughout the preoperational stage measure against the group of children without the disability. This study parallels Cicchetti and Beeghly theory, observing slight to no differentiation throughout the sensorimotor stage however observed a delayed developmental pace regarding children with Down syndrome throughout the preoperational stage. What precisely triggers this obstruction in adolescents with Down syndrome? These adolescents are affected by a variation in their genotype. These persons possess an additional chromosome called trisomy-21, which influences their development. Down syndrome influences adolescents in every phase of development. Sanz, Menà ©ndez Rosique state, â€Å"This chromosomal disorder affects the development of physical structures, motor functioning, cognitive abilities and communicative skills in varying degrees† (2011, 488). Language functioning seemed to be difficult during the preoperational phase for adolescent’s affected by Down syndrome. Cicchetti and Beeghly describe that despite the fact that this struggle is associated with the disorder, Down syndrome adolescents tend to be placed in inadequate linguistic surroundings. Parents of affected adolescents stereotypically lower their expectancies of language abilities upon discovering their adolescent’s disorder. Cicchetti and Beeghly refer to a 1985 study by Mervis and Cardoso-Martins where mothers confessed that they were fearful their children influenced by Down syndrome would never learn to talk. Nevertheless, Leifer and Lewis conducted a study in 1984 exploring Down syndrome adolescents’ verbal skills in depth. The researchers recognized various characteristics of language which had not been exclusively considered in earlier studies. Researchers chose to study whether or not adolescents with Down syndrome will continue to struggle with conversational language versus grammatical/relational language. The researchers discovered that adolescents affected by Down syndrome were essentially superior at holding a conversation compared to adolescents without a disability. In regards to the information provide, there is confirmation proposing Down Syndrome adolescents possess superior social language skills compared to adolescents without the disability. Sanz, Menà ©ndez Rosique conducted a study in which, adolescents affected by Down syndrome were subjected to a verbal strengthening group or a physical strengthening group. Each type of constructive reinforcement impacted the adolescents. The adolescents produced more encouraging responses to verbal reinforcement versus the physical reinforcement. Why the adolescents favored verbal reinforcement is not entirely evident, nevertheless a trend was obvious. The adolescents flourished when presented with social praise for their accomplishments. However this is also true for unaffected adolescents as well, it is crucial for adolescent affected by Down syndrome. Their disorder triggers reservation in their actions as to whether what they are doing right or wrong on a steady basis. As a result, these adolescents function at a higher level when they are socialized through affirmative support. Conversely, in a study by Drash, Raver, Murrin Tudor (1989), adolescents affected by Down syndrome did not successfully socialize when presented constructive support alone. They combined visual examination into the constructive support. When measure against affirmative strengthening alone, the addition of visual examination generated more social interaction from the children. It becomes evident that adolescents affected by Down syndrome need much more stimulus than adolescents not affected in regards to socialization. Their cognitive delay limits them from entirely comprehending reinforcement alone. Visual encouragement permits their minds to adapt to a new idea and absorb it. This cultivates the question of whether or not special education classrooms are necessary for children with Down syndrome. Some suppose that normal education surroundings afford sufficient stimulus to adolescents affected with the disorder. On the other hand, in most cases the typical education surroundings are not adequate. There are specialists educating adolescents with cognitive delays such as those with Down syndrome. Special Education is a stand-alone discipline of study and cannot be anticipated from all that enter this particular teaching field. Special Education demands diverse methods and compassions compared to that of normal teachers. If an adolescent affected by Down syndrome were to be placed into the average classroom, the presence of an aid would be necessary. This poses funding issues as well as the adolescent’s parental trust. It is much more feasible to place these adolescents in special educational environments which possess several aids in addition to a se t pace of learning for each individual (Fidler Nadel, 2007). Fidler Nadel furthermore describe a â€Å"culture† in special needs classrooms where adolescents affected by Down syndrome can succeed. Countless adolescents requiring special needs flourish when surrounded by others who also differ from adolescents without disabilities. Nevertheless, adolescent’s parents frequently worry about the equal treatment and lack of socialization among unaffected children. This all differs among particular adolescents as well as the school they attend. Countless schools fashion an atmosphere in which adolescents requiring special needs possess the ability to interact with the other students at lunch, recess, homeroom, etc. Contrary to what Fidler Nadel explain, a study by Sobelman-Rosenthal, Biton, Klein (2009) examined children with Down syndrome in regular educational settings and compared to special education settings. Parents were questioned as to the setting they preferred for their child. Parents were divided into three groups: those who favored life-skills, those who favored academic success and those who favored social success. Generally, parents seemed to prefer regular educational setting. The parents perceived substantial developmental advances when their child was placed in a regular school environment. It is evident researchers have achieved contradictory outcomes. This is presumably due to the fact that every case differ from one another. Certain adolescents require additional help compared to others in addition certain special education programs are better than others. The answer is uncertain in regards to which educational settings more beneficial for an adolescent affected by Down syndrome since each setting possess there advantages and drawbacks. The safest thing for a parent to do is research individual surroundings in their school district and formulate an educated assessment from there (Fidler Nadel). The connection an adolescent affected by Down syndrome possesses regarding his or her mother also effects their mental development. â€Å"Communication between mother and infant occurs by many means: it employs facial expressions, gazing, whole body movements, gestures, speech, writing, and even crying â€Å"(Fiamenghi, Vedovato, Meirelles, Shimoda, 2010, 192). Adolescents require the ability to understand this interaction and in adolescents affected by Down syndrome it becomes difficult to understand if they comprehend the communication and its’ effects. Adolescents affected by Down syndrome occasionally require the development of a connection in diverse ways compared to unaffected children. The manner in which they do this is vital since it may possibly signify particular needs the child must have addressed that may not be exposed through clinical assessment. Nevertheless, since parents do not normally comprehend the syndrome entirely in earlier stages in their child’s life, they tend to be opposed in nearly all they do with their child. Parents regularly tend be afraid they are not caring for their child appropriately as a result become reluctant to do everything they would for an adolescent not affected by Down syndrome (Fiamenghi et al.) A study conducted in 2010 regarding collaborative behaviors in adolescents affected by Down syndrome with their mothers, three groups of behavior were recognized: Interaction, Invitation and Imitation. The outcomes specified that a sizeable amount of these behaviors benefited however quality is what made the significant differences in the adolescent’s emotional attachment. Down syndrome adolescents depend on on these behaviors for the reason that it aids them mentally develop. It is considerably simpler for them to mimic somebody they trust for example their mother or father, in contrast to merely learning these behaviors as they grow. The greater quality the imitation is in addition to interaction obtained throughout their earlier ages, the greater articulated constructive behavior as they grow up. The reasoning behind this is due to their cognitive delay becomes more prevalent with age. They have a scarcity of a particular characteristic of cognition that other adolescents p ossess, consequently these interactions become significant in demonstrating to them how to behave (Fiamenghi et al.) A study conducted in 1999 investigated bonding behaviors in 53 children aged 14-30 months. The children were exposed to a â€Å"Strange Situation† where an unfamiliar person would come into the room and the parent would leave. Their response to the parent leaving was then observed. They established that although attachment is exceptionally significant with Down syndrome children, it is not necessary to grant considerably more consideration than in children not affected by Down syndrome. The researchers discovered that parents should be mindful of however no additional action can counteract the child from theoretically suffering from attachment issues. Parents should approach attachment the exact same way as if their child was not effected by Down syndrome (Atkinson, Chisholm, Scott, Goldberg, Vaughn, Blackwell, Tam). Atkinson et al. findings vary marginally from Fiamenghi et al. nonetheless they equally possess similarities as well. Both research groups distinguish the significance of attachment in adolescents affected by Down syndrome. It appears Atkinson et al. would approve of Fiamenghi et al. findings that quality is the predicting factor, not quantity. Since each study exhibited the interactional significance between the parent and adolescents affected by Down syndrome, additional research on the topic possess the probability of making momentous advances in both psychology and special education. Although there are numerous means where adolescents affected by Down syndrome and adolescents without any developmental ailments can relate, there are still several variances in their mental development in which we must account for. The main variances are comprised of cognition, socialization, education and attachment. Cognition deals with their development through the stages of learning and comprehension. Socialization is a strength many children with Down syndrome possess. Their ability to dive in to any conversation is remarkable. Education is and most likely will continue to be an issue for all families with children affected by developmental disabilities. Each program differs so greatly that there simply cannot be one assumption made. Finally, the way in which they develop an attachment with their mothers can be critical but not any more so than children not inflicted by a disability. Down syndrome can present many obstacles for the child as well as the family, but there is no r eason they cannot live a life as fulfilling and exciting as the rest of us. References Atkinson, L., Chisholm, V. C., Scott, B., Goldberg, S., Vaughn, B. E., Blackwell, J., Tam, F. (1999). Maternal sensitivity, child functional level, and attachment in Down syndrome. Monographs Of The Society For Research In Child Development, 64(3), 45-66. doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00033 Cicchetti, D., Beeghly, M. (1990). Children with Down syndrome: A developmental  perspective. New York, NY US: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511581786 Drash, P. W., Raver, S. A., Murrin, M. R., Tudor, R. M. (1989). Three procedures for  increasing vocal response to therapist prompt in infants and children with Down syndrome. American Journal On Mental Retardation, 94(1), 64-73. Fiamenghi, G. A., Vedovato, A. G., Meirelles, M. C., Shimoda, M. E. (2010). Mothers  interaction with their disabled infants: Two case studies. Journal Of Reproductive And Infant Psychology, 28(2), 191-199. doi:10.1080/02646830903295042 Fidler, D. J., Nadel, L. (2007). Education and children with Down syndrome:  Neuroscience, development, and intervention. Mental Retardation And Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13(3), 262-271. doi:10.1002/mrdd.20166 Hill, P. M., McCune-Nicolich, L. (1981). Pretend play and patterns of cognition in  Downs syndrome children. Child Development, 52(2), 611-617. doi:10.2307/1129181 Leifer, J. S., Lewis, M. (1984). Acquisition of conversational response skills by  young Down syndrome and nonretarded young children. American Journal Of Mental Deficiency, 88(6), 610-618. May, P. (2011). Child development in practice: Responsive teaching and learning  from birth to five. New York: Routledge. Mervis, C. B., Cardoso-Martins, C. (1984). Transition from sensorimotor Stage 5 to  Stage 6 by Down syndrome children: A response to Gibson. American Journal Of Mental Deficiency, 89(1), 99-102. Sanz, T., Menà ©ndez, J., Rosique, T. (2011). Study of different social rewards used in  Downs syndrome childrens early stimulation. Early Child Development And Care, 181(4), 487-492. doi:10.1080/03004430903507159 Sobelman-Rosenthal, V., Biton, E., Klein, P. S. (2009). Parental satisfaction with  special education versus mainstream education for children with Down Syndrome. Megamot, 46(3), 419-438.

Shakespeare in Love and Romeo and Juliet Essay -- Romeo and Juliet Pla

Shakespeare In Love,  Romeo and Juliet the play, Romeo and Juliet with Leonardo  DiCaprio  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All these works  display very different ideas from the original story and it's creation. Each one of them has it's own way of portraying the time, the characters, and the themes. Being shown a variety of opinions about what exactly was going on in Shakespeare's head when he was writing this magnificent play allows us to be open to our own ideas about it's creation. It gives everyone the chance to put on their own version in their head. Thus making it a very controversial play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sometimes ideas and opinions are so wide spread that people argue about what exactly was the purpose of a certain action or scene. This is what leads to the creation of various different versions. Each different movie is actually a certain directors' take on the play. Each of these versions is so unique that it might sometimes be difficult to visualize that they all tell the same story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The original story is that of two star crossed lovers and there journey to finally be together. The lovers, Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet are forced to deal with the fact that their families have been feuding for generations. In other words this means that they are forbidden to communicate with members of the other family; Nonetheless have a romantic relationship with one another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After many a battle with members of Juliet's extended family, Romeo winds up killing Tibault, her cousin. He is then banished from the city of Verona, Italy. Juliet, heartbroken yet confused, then decides to take drastic measures and fake her own death to keep herself from being forced to marry another man that has been chosen by her father. Her plan is to send Rom... ...g that I was used to discussing in any of my English classes throughout high school and college. The main reason for the lack of discussion about William Shakespeare's life is probably that there are close to no facts about himself. This leaves a wide gap open for theories and different ideas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I can't believe it has taken me this long to even speculate on his life and time. Often I forget about the author when reading novels or plays. I don't do this on purpose but I am just not used to seriously discussing an author's thoughts on their own work. I only imagine what Shakespeare would think of the different versions of his play and his life. Would he consider all of them accurate? Might he think that they are attempting to be as successful as his masterpiece is? And last but not least would he think that Shakespeare In Love is ridiculous or is it true?